One of the major concerns with a potential change in climate is that an increase in extreme events will occur. Results of observational studies suggest that in many areas that have been analyzed, changes in total precipitation are amplified at the tails, and changes in some temperature extremes have been observed. Model output has been analyzed that shows changes in extreme events for future cl...

Biotic interactions present a challenge in determining whether species distributions will track climate change. Interactions with competitors, consumers, mutualists, and facilitators can strongly influence local species distributions, but few studies assess how and whether these interactions will impede or accelerate climate change-induced range shifts. In this paper, we explore how ecologists ...

Most studies that forecast the ecological consequences of climate change target a single species and a single life stage. Depending on climatic impacts on other life stages and on interacting species, however, the results from simple experiments may not translate into accurate predictions of future ecological change. Research needs to move beyond simple experimental studies and environmental en...

Predicting species' responses to the combined effects of habitat and climate changes has become a major challenge in ecology and conservation biology. However, the effects of climatic and habitat gradients on species distributions have generally been considered separately. Here, we explore the relationships between the habitat and thermal dimensions of the ecological niche in European common bi...

Studies of climate change traditionally focus on long-term changes taking place in the troposphere. This is understandable, as this is the part of the atmosphere that most directly affects life on the surface. However, long-term trends higher in the atmosphere can have important consequences as well. The middle and upper atmosphere consist of the stratosphere (~15-50 km), the mesosphere (50-90...

There is increasing evidence that millennial-scale climate variability played an active role on orbital-scale climate changes, but the mechanism for this remains unclear. A (230)Th-dated stalagmite δ(18)O record between 88 and 22 thousand years (ka) ago from Yongxing Cave in central China characterizes changes in Asian monsoon (AM) strength. After removing the 65°N insolation signal from our re...

climate change and its possible impacts on the environment and socio-economic systems now constitute the most important environmental problem facing mankind in the 21st century. climate change will increase poverty and hardship, endanger food security, destabilize economies, decrease food and water and create social insecurity in many countries and undermine our goals for achieving sustainable ...

the impact of climate change does not only affect the production aspects but also on household income and other socioeconomic aspects. the research aims to determine the household economic behaviors of rice farmers in decision-making with relation to the production risks due to climate change and determine the farmer’s adaptation strategies in the face of climate change. the approach taken is t...

a methodology is presented for the stochastic generation of daily rainfall which accounts for changes to the climatic inputs. the focus of the study is an example catchment in iran. the methodology addresses the inability of gcms to provide suitable future scenarios for the time and space scales required for a water resource impact assessment for a small catchment. one stochastic model for rain...

the goal of this study was to estimate the sensitivity of reference evapotranspiration (et0) to changes in meteorological parameters in the caspian region. long-term meteorological data (1961-2008) were obtained from three synoptic meteorological stations. the region was primarily classified into three climatic zones, based on de martonne climate classification. the penman–monteith equation was...