Wireless sensor networks are widely used for its flexibility, but they also suffer from problems like limited capacity, large node number and vulnerability to security threats. In this paper, we propose a multi-path routing protocol based on the credible cluster heads. The protocol chooses nodes with more energy remained as cluster heads at the cluster head choosing phase, and then authenticate...

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), efficient energy conservation is required to prolong the lifetime of the network. In this work, we have given emphasis on balanced energy consumption and energy holes avoidance. This paper proposes a multi-gateway-based approach to reduce the transmission distance between the sender and the sink node. The area to be monitored is divided into regions and gatew...

Prolonged network lifetime, scalability and efficient load balancing are essential for optimal performance of a wireless sensor network. Clustering provides an effective way of extending the lifetime of a sensor network. Clustering is the process that divides sensor networks into smaller localized group (called clusters) of members with a cluster head. Clustering protocols need to elect optimal...

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have recently gained the attention of researchers in many challenging aspects. The most important challenge in these networks is energy conservation. One of the most popular solutions in making WSNs energy-efficient is to cluster the networks. In clustering, the nodes are divided into some clusters and then some nodes, called cluster-heads, are selected to be the...

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a way of providing data communication for high speed vehicles and provides safe and secure driving and reduces traffic deaths and injuries. In VANETs, cluster based data dissemination proves to be the most efficient method with less propagation delay, high delivery ratio and bandwidth fairness. The terms like average number of clusters formed, average cluster...

In a clustered wireless sensor network, multiple accesses at a time lead to collision. This could cause retransmit of lost packets. It increases power consumption, decreases sensor lifetime and delay in packet transmission. Basically sensors are not always need to send data. Suppose if an event occurs, then every sensor automatically accesses their base station simultaneously. It causes multipl...

In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been growing rapidly because of their ability to sense data, communicate wirelessly, and compute data efficiently. These contain small low-powered nodes that organize configure themselves carry out functions. Even though WSNs are cheap, easy deploy, flexible, efficient, there some challenges in terms energy efficiency network lifetime. Clust...

Hierarchical routing algorithm as an energy optimization strategy has been widely considered as one of the effective ways to save energy for wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose an uneven clustering routing algorithm based on optimal clustering. The algorithm considers the calculation of optimal cluster number, cluster head selection, cluster radius calculation, and isolated node...

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard specifies two network topologies: 1) star and 2) cluster tree. A cluster-tree comprises of multiple clusters that allow the to scale by connecting devices over wireless hops. role a head (CH) is aggregate data from all in then transmit it overall personal area (PAN) coordinator. This specific CH needs be rotated among coordinators prevent energy drain out. Prior works...

In recent years, many researchers have focused on wireless sensor networks and their applications. To obtain scalability potential in these networks most of the nodes are categorized as distinct groups named cluster and the node which is selected as cluster head or Aggregation Node offers the operation of data collection from other cluster nodes and aggregation and sending it to the rest of the...