The energetic cost of replacing shell loss due to erosion has been overlooked in previous research on molluscan energy budgets, although several studies have shown that shell breakage incurs a significant short-term cost and may reduce growth. We measured the rate of shell erosion for two species of patellid limpets: Patella granatina, which has a shell predominated by calcite, and P. argenvill...

Aims. Large HI shells, with diameters of hundreds of pc and expansion velocities of 10-20 km s−1 have been detected in their hundreds in the Milky Way and are well observed features of local gas rich galaxies. These shells could well be predicted as a result of the impact of OB associations on the ISM, but doubt has been cast on this scenario by the apparent absence of OB stars close to the cen...

Both the need for shelter and the need for food can be motivations that alter animal behaviour. We tested the hypothesis that the hermit crab, Pagurus samuelis, deprived of food, shells, or both will respond differently from control hermit crabs when presented with food and shells concurrently. We measured the number of contacts made with both food and shells, and time elapsed until hermit crab...

1. Eggs of the potato cyst-nematode (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) were isolated by sieving a suspension of crushed cysts. Eggs were broken open by ultrasonic vibration and the egg shells separated from the released larvae by centrifuging in a potassium tartrate density gradient. About 1 mg. of dried egg shells was obtained from 1000 cysts. 2. The major constituent of the egg shells was prote...

Organic/inorganic composite particles with a core–shell structure exhibit potential applications in chemical mechanical polishing/planarization (CMP) for mechanically challenging materials (copper and low-k dielectrics etc.). In this work, the spherical composites comprised of polystyrene (PS) cores and mesoporous silica (mSiO2) shells were synthesized through a self-assembly of cetyltrimethyla...

This study investigates geometrical non-linear analysis of composite circular cylindrical shells under external pressure over part of their surfaces and also shells subjected to combined axial compression and triangular external pressure. Donnell non-linear shell theory along with first order shear deformation theory (FOSD) are adopted in the analysis. In the case of combined axial compression ...

The protein shells of rat tissue ferritins consist of two subunit species (heavy (H) and light (L)) in proportions varying according to the tissue and its iron content. Rat liver and heart ferritins were resolved by electrofocusing into a series of charge isomers that change progressively in H:L subunit ratios along the PI gradient, suggesting that net surface charge is determined by the subuni...