and Asthma in 4 different regions. Methods: The study was performed on 461 children aged 5 to 15 years, from 4 different regions in Guatemala. A questionnaire was given to record information regarding family history of atopic disease and symptoms of Rhinitis and Asthma. The diagnosis was made in the presence of at least 3 symptoms of each disease. Scratch testing was performed using a commercia...

This paper focuses on motion which is considered an important issue for insect robots, consumes significant energy sources in general. We inspired the robot design structure from challenges that crawling insects face nature, especially a cockroach. The proposed configuration enhanced error scale such as modulation, computation, and mass. presents construction of six-legged with minimum number t...

In a recent note (Croghan and Noble-Nesbitt, 1989), it was shown that water permeability of the cockroach epicuticle could not be explained in terms of what was known about the properties of the components of the system. Additionally, there are further observations in need of explanation. Coenen-Stass and Kloft (1976), using both weight loss and tritiated water, showed that the rate of water lo...

In many sensory systems adaptation acts as a gain control mechanism that optimizes sensory performance by trading increased sensitivity to low stimulus intensity for decreased sensitivity to high stimulus intensity. Adaptation of insect antennal olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) has been studied for strong odour concentrations, either pulsed or constant. Here, we report that during slowly oscil...

Any device that moves by actuating several multi-segmented legs must solve fundamental problems in mechanics and control regardless of whether that device is made out of living tissue or metal. With this in mind, we believe that advances can be made both in the design of legged robots and in understanding how legged animals locomote by working on these issues in tandem. This basic philosophy ha...