With advancement in computer science research on artificial intelligence and in cognitive psychology research on human learning and performance, the next generation of computerbased tutoring systems moved beyond the simple presentation of pages of text or graphics. These new intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) called cognitive tutors; incorporated modeltracing technology which is a cognitive mo...

Designers' engagement in ideation is impacted by their perceptions of the parameters design task. Whereas expert designers actively interrogate and reframe given problems, novice tend to solve them as given. We investigated designers' ideas relative problem frames cognitive styles. found that innovative styles framings corresponded higher idea diversity creativity, whereas adaptive lower creati...