Chemistry knowledge can be represented at macro-, microand symbolic levels, and learning a chemistry topic requires students to engage in multiple representational activities. This study focused on scaffolding for inter-level connection-making in learning chemistry knowledge with graphical simulations. We also tested whether different sequences of representational activities produced different ...

Bacteriophage øX174 morphogenesis requires two scaffolding proteins: an internal species, similar to those employed in other viral systems, and an external species, which is more typically associated with satellite viruses. The current model of øX174 assembly is based on structural and in vivo data. During morphogenesis, 240 copies of the external scaffolding protein mediate the association of ...

PURPOSE This study describes the typical case of problem-based learning (PBL) application at the Faculty of Medicine of the Université de Montréal and its analysis from the perspective of situated cognition. METHOD I used a typical case study to determine the general model of PBL application and performed my analysis by a global processing of information, against to the conceptual model of si...

In brief, Constructivists’ accounts assume that grammatical knowledge initially consists of ‘constructions’ derived at by high frequency data-driven forms in the environment. While there may be internal mechanism which undergird such constructions, according to the constructivist view, the processes behind language acquisition are essential environmentally driven. The general idea is that langu...

Many researchers in embodied cognitive science and AI, and evolutionary robotics in particular, emphasize the interaction of brain, body and environment as crucial to the emergence of intelligent, adaptive behavior. Accordingly, the interaction between agent and environment, as well as the co-adaptation of artificial brains and bodies has been the focus of much research in evolutionary robotics...

Adapting to learners’ needs and providing useful, individualized feedback to help them succeed has been a hallmark of most intelligent tutoring systems. More recently, to promote deep learning and critical thinking skills in STEM disciplines, researchers have begun developing open-ended learning environments that present learners with complex problems and a set of tools for learning and problem...

This article describes how a group of Iranian upper-intermediate EFL learners were guided through the practice of writing their first academic essays in English. The method applied the principle of scaffolding to the essay writing process by providing flexible support for the learners during the writ- ing their first essays. Scaffolding included a number of aspects, each of which is explained i...

Writing assignments are ubiquitous in higher education. Writing develops not only communication skills, but also higher-level cognitive processes that facilitate deep learning. Cognitive visualizations, such as concept maps, can also be used as part of learning activities including as a form of scaffolding, or to trigger reflection by making conceptual understanding visible at different stages ...

Many nurse executives and managers have had to learn financial management skills, including planning, controlling, implementing, and analyzing departmental budgets, on the job. In today's healthcare environment, organizations are becoming aware of the value of hiring nurse executives who can speak the financial language and employ financial skills to operate their areas. As more and more nurses...

One important aspect of physics instruction is helping students develop better problem solving expertise. Besides enhancing the content knowledge, problems help students develop different cognitive abilities and skills. This paper focuses on ill-structured problems. These problems are different from traditional “end of chapter” well-structured problems. They do not have one right answer and thu...