The present study investigated resource allocation, as measured by pupil dilation, in tasks measuring updating (2-Back task), inhibition (Stroop task) and switching (Number Switch task). Because each cognitive control component has unique characteristics, differences in patterns of resource allocation were expected. Pupil and behavioral data from 35 participants were analyzed. In the 2-Back tas...

The coherence analysis is based on spectral analysis, which describe the synchronization of electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms between brain areas. Coherence analysis is a noninvasive technique for studying functional relationships between brain regions. The coherence analysis is a kind of study based on spectrum analysis, which can describe the coordination of the brain electric activities of ...

Heart rate (HR) variability is a physiological marker of an individual’s emotional, behavioral and cognitive reactions (Segerstrom & Nes 2007). Strength of inhibition (SI) is a stable trait referring to the ability to control behavior, suppressing the impulse to react (Strelau 2008). The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which physiological effort (HRV) and personality trait were...

This study examined the contributions of general slowing and task-specific deficits to age-related changes in Stroop interference. Nine hundred thirty-eight participants aged 20 to 89 years completed an abbreviated Stroop color-naming task and a subset of 281 participants also completed card-sorting, simple reaction time, and choice reaction time tasks. Age-related increases in incongruent colo...

One of the most robust findings in attention research is that the time to name a color is lengthened markedly in the presence of an irrelevant word that spells a different color name: the Stroop effect. The Stroop effect is found even when the word is physically separated from the color, apparently indicating that words can be read outside the focus of spatial attention. The present study criti...

Abstract The present study focused on the relationship between trait mindfulness and outcome component of performance, evaluated with objective indicators. In particular, four performance indicators were studied: accuracy, reaction time, variability in times, detection unexpected stimuli. Because attention awareness have been described as core components mindfulness, previous research suggests ...

How cognitive control is recruited and implemented has become a major focus of researchers in cognitive psychology and neuroscience. Current theories posit that cognitive control operates at the level of general rules--for example, in a Stroop task, "attend to the color of the stimulus." Here we report behavioral evidence suggesting that cognitive control is implemented much more locally, opera...

BACKGROUND Worrying is a process involving chronic, repetitive activation of unproductive thought chains whose contents are predominantly characterized by anticipation of future outcomes undesirable for the individual. Numerous studies demonstrated the role of excessive worrying in the patomechanisms of general anxiety disorder and depression as well as its associations with several non-adaptat...

Attentional bias is a central feature of many cognitive theories of psychopathology. One of the most frequent methods of investigating such bias has been an emotional analog of the Stroop task. In this task, participants name the colors in which words are printed, and the words vary in their relevance to each theme of psychopathology. The authors review research showing that patients are often ...