How children understand the concepts of teaching and learning is inherently underpinned by their mental state understanding and critical to the successful transition to formal schooling. Knowledge is a private representational mental state; learning is a knowledge change process that can be either intentional or not; and teaching is an intentional attempt to change others’ knowledge state. Theo...

Spleen is a major component of the reticuloendothelial system and functions as a filtering system for the encapsulated bacteria especially in children. Knowing the spectrum of conditions leading to splenectomy in any geographic area is important to decrease the number of unnessesary splenectomies. Here we report the causes of splenectomy in three major general referring hospitals in Shiraz, ...

We propose a formalization of only-knowing-about, which captures the idea that something is all an agent knows about some subject matter. The work extends a previous formalization of only-knowing by Levesque. Besides discussing some of the logical properties of the new concept, we also address the issue of computing what is known about some subject matter for a given knowledge base. In this con...

Abstract In ‘Swimming Happily in Chinese Logic’ (2021) I suggested that the root conception of knowing for ancient Mohists was knowing-as, a fits well with perspectivism Zhuangzi , key Daoist text. Drawing on Wittgenstein’s discussion both seeing-as and samples, developing analogy between explore various forms particular reference to Mozi attempting make sense epistemology thereby shed light wh...

An emerging trend in cognitive science is to explore central epistemological questions using psychological methods. Early work in this growing area of research has revealed that epistemologists’ theories of knowledge diverge in various ways from the ways in which ordinary people think of knowledge. Reflecting the practices of epistemology as a whole, the vast majority of these studies have focu...