Elastic elements such as rail pads, under sleeper pads and under ballast mats are railway components that allow for a reduction in track deterioration and vibrations. And they are furthermore commonly used to obtain an optimal vertical stiffness of the infrastructure. However, the use of elastomeric materials can increase construction costs and the consumption of raw materials. Thus, the utiliz...

Mandelic acid can serve as sole source of carbon and energy for the growth of certain strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Analysis of the enzymatic patterns of cells grown on various substrates (Stanier, 1947, 1948; Sleeper and Stanier, 1950) has led to formulation of the following sequence for the initial steps in its diimilation: Mandelic acid -b benzoylformic acid -. benzaldehyde -* benzoic ...

Study Objectives: Cortical hyperarousal, observed in insomnia individuals, could be influenced by sleep quality and objective sleep misperception. Usually, to be considered as a first night effect, a decrease in the quality of sleep during the first recording night in the laboratory is observed. The objectives of this study are to examine cortical arousal differences according to sleeper types ...

CONTEXT The deceleration phase of the throwing motion creates large distraction forces at the shoulder, which may result in posterior shoulder tightness and ensuing alterations in shoulder range of motion (ROM) and may result in an increased risk of shoulder injury. Researchers have hypothesized that various stretching options increase this motion, but few data on the effectiveness of treating ...

To comply with recent international trends and initiatives, and in order to help achieve sustainable development, Korea has established a greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction target of 37% (851 million tons) of the business as usual (BAU) rate by 2030. Regarding environmentally-oriented standards such as the IGCC (International Green Construction Code), there are also rising demands for the ...

this paper presents theoretical and numerical state-of-the-art information in the field of hygro-thermo-mechanical deformation simulation in structural concrete. the aspects discussed include coupled hygro-thermo-mechanical performance of porous materials including concrete, multi-scale simulation of concrete properties especially the volumetric and structural deformation performance, and the m...

• Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil with Retaining Wall (GRS-RW) vs conventional embankment. The experiments are carried out in a full-scale testing facility laboratory. Two track forms considered: three-sleeper concrete slab and ballasted track. GRS-RW structure showed good performance under both static cyclic loading. pressure levels found the experiment were compared against literature. This pape...

todays applying concrete structures is more usual than other structures which are used in buildings as in most of the world’s countries the application ratio of concrete to steel has increased from 10 to 1. sometimes these structures require strengthening vulnerable members because of deficiency in their loading system in usual and critical conditions. there are different methods for strengthen...