Buchanan and Tullock’s original trade-off model of constitutional design is used to analyze how constitutional design affects post-constitutional rent seeking, and, in turn, how the anticipation of postconstitution rent seeking should lead to modification of constitutional design—specifically with respect to imposing and maintaining effective (composite) supermajority decision rules. JEL classi...

This paper explores Russia’s response to Covid-19, with a focus on its implications for political freedoms and human rights across the country. It investigates relationship between pandemic reinforcing authoritarianism in Russia. is an in-depth case analysis that uses policy process tracing examine Covid-19 effects Russian domestic politics. The study concludes authorities have considerably abu...

In Albania, a major constitutional reform took place in 2016 that aimed at strengthening the independence and accountability of judiciary had, as its main pillar, vetting process for judges prosecutors. Other interventions were ratified following amendments securing speedy procedures before courts. Therefore, to Code Civil Procedure envisaged introduced mechanism give impetus accelerating judic...

From January 1, 2019. Amendments to the Act of July 5, 2018 amending provisions on trade unions and some other acts apply (almost in full). Polish act are a consequence Committee for Freedom Association, Labor Law Organizations judgment Constitutional Tribunal. The main expected effect amendment is extension coalition freedom unions. This issue important not only consistency legal system with i...

Abstract The 2018 amendments to the People's Republic of China (PRC) Constitution saw establishment a system supervisory commissions, which is landmark development not only for anti-corruption, but also constitutional law in China. After providing an overview background and legal framework reform, this article discusses its implications from three perspectives. First, reform alters long-establi...

The question of what constitutional constraints should apply to government efforts to regulate scientific speech is frequently contrasted to the question of what constitutional constraints should apply to government efforts to regulate scientific research. This comment argues that neither question is well formulated for constitutional analysis, which should instead turn on the relationship to c...

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) Amendments & Protocols Access to the Amendments & Protocols Online System [1] Instructions for submitting protocols and amendments [2] Protocol Template Form [3] (doc [4], docx [3]) [5] VMTH Clinical Trials [6] [7] ApplicationOccupational Health and Animals (OHSS) [8] Animal Tracking System (ATS) [9] IACUC Policies & Guidelines [10] IACUC Upda...

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) Amendments & Protocols Access to the Amendments & Protocols Online System [1] Instructions for submitting protocols and amendments [2] Protocol Template Form (doc [3], docx [4]) [5] VMTH Clinical Trials [6] [7] ACU 101 Online Course [8] ApplicationOccupational Health and Animals (OHSS) [9] Animal Tracking System (ATS) [10] IACUC Policies & Gui...

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) Amendments & Protocols Access to the Amendments & Protocols Online System [1] Instructions for submitting protocols and amendments [2] Protocol Template Form [3] (doc [4], docx [3]) [5] VMTH Clinical Trials [6] [7] ACU 101 Online Course [8] ApplicationOccupational Health and Animals (OHSS) [9] Animal Tracking System (ATS) [10] IACUC Policies &...