Part I of this article briefly describes customary law and explores the effect of colonialism on legal pluralism and the region’s early post-colonial constitutions. Part II describes the structure and content of constitutional clauses that exclude personal law and customary law from constitutional non-discrimination protection. Part III briefly examines international and regional human rights l...

This article examines the fortunes of American government in light work James M. Buchanan, Virginia school political economist whose thinking on constitutional revolution played a formative, if largely unrecognized, role shaping tax revolt. By looking backwards, to an earlier wave and spending limits enacted South during Redemption era, forwards, increasingly regressive nature local revenue gen...

This paper investigates the underlying factors that caused Qing Dynasty of China to survive Taiping Rebellion yet crumbled upon Revolution 1911. It first examines ideological differences between two attempts regime change, followed by an exploration into extent foreign interference in determining outcomes events. Subsequently, author analyzes conflict constitutionalists and absolute monarchists...

After the establishment of written language, the most revolutionary development in human communication was the invention of the printing press in the 15 th century (1). Before then, books were handwritten, rare, and expensive. Medieval monasteries supported the transcription of new manuscripts from existing ones, and errors were common because of spelling, handwriting, and abbreviation idiosync...

Constitutional pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 [inv(9)] occurs in 0.8 to 2% of the normal population and has long been considered a normal variant. It is controversial whether inv(9) is a predisposing factor for acute leukemia (AL). The effect of inv(9) on bone marrow (BM) recovery after stem cell transplantation or chemotherapy is undetermined. Between March 2001 and December 2008, the c...

Biallelic mutations of mismatch repair genes cause constitutional mismatch repair deficiency associated with an increased risk for childhood leukemia/lymphoma. We report on a case with constitutional mismatch repair deficiency caused by a novel MSH6 mutation leading to a T-cell lymphoma and colonic adenocarcinoma at six and 13 years of age, respectively. A review of the literature on hematologi...

In constitutional settings, the High Court has grown attached to a particular conception of discrimination that is notable for its abstractedness and purported universality. This article explores that conception, tracing its evolution and its permeation of the Court’s constitutional jurisprudence. It argues that this ‘universal’ conception of discrimination, while it does mandate certain limite...