objectives: the objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the ‘physical well-being, health and motor development inventory’ used to assess school readiness in ordinary and mentally retarded pre-school children. methods: a descriptive study examining validity was conducted using random sampling. two hundred students (160 ordinary and 40 mentally retarded children) wer...

BACKGROUND Health impairments can result in disability and changed work productivity imposing considerable costs for the employee, employer and society as a whole. A large number of instruments exist to measure health-related productivity changes; however their methodological quality remains unclear. This systematic review critically appraised the measurement properties in generic self-reported...

Objective: The stigma of mental disorders is a common phenomenon, that barricades seeking medical help. Stigma includes a negative attitude toward a person that occurs due to a distinctive feature, such as race, sexual orientation, or mental disorder. Regarding the negative consequences of the stigma in the course of the disorder and the life of people with mental illness, the aim of this study...

Background and Aim: With regard to the shortage of proper materials in Persian for the evaluation of speech perception in children, this study aimed to develop the Persian version of the BKB sentence test, and determine its content validity in normal Persian speaking children aged 6-12 years. Methods: This study was an applied research. The study procedure comprised sentence construction, deter...

OBJECTIVE The study aimed to design and evaluate the content and face validity, and reliability of knowledge, attitude, and behavior questionnaire on preventive behaviors among vulnerable women concerning sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was carried out in two phases of an action research. In the first phase, to explain STDs preventive dom...

The traditional conception of validity divides it into three separate and substitutable types—namely, content, criterion, and construct validities. This view is fragmented and incomplete, especially because it fails to take into account both evidence of the value implications of score meaning as a basis for action and the social consequences of score use. The new unified concept of validity int...

This paper employs meta-analysis to determine the influence of computer-based scaffolding characteristics and study and test score quality on cognitive outcomes in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education at the secondary, college, graduate, and adult levels. Results indicate that (a) computer-based scaffolding positively influences learning (g = 0.53), (b) studies with zero ...

The objective of this paper is to describe empirical studies evaluating the impact of reference pricing interventions in pharmaceutical markets, and to assess the quality of their evaluation method. A total of ten studies were included in the review. The nature of the intervention, the nature of the data available, the nature of the question to be answered, and the requirements of the evaluatio...

Honing and Ladinig (2008) make the assertion that while the internal validity of web-based studies may be reduced, this is offset by an increase in external validity possible when experimenters can sample a wider range of participants and experimental settings. In this paper, the issue of internal validity is more closely examined, and it is agued that there is no necessary reason why internal ...