background: post-exposure prophylaxis plays an important role in prevention of bloodborne diseases after occupational exposures. objective: to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of dentists towards post-exposure prophylaxis. methods: in a cross-sectional study, 140 dentists in shiraz were selected through a systematic randomized sampling. they filled out a self-made questionnaire inc...

 In randomized controlled trials, when changes from baseline are assessed, appropriate inferential procedures must be employed.  The interpretations may be different without adjustment for baseline. For example, Lord’s paradox states that the relationship between a continuous outcome and a categorical exposure may be reversed when an additional continuous covariate (e.g., baseline measures) i...

We analyzed occupational exposure to potentially infectious body fluids among health care workers (HCWs). Nurses were the most common exposed category of HCWs. In 73.6% cases needle sticks had been the reason of exposure. Recapping a needle was the cause of exposure in 6.9% accidents. Among 189 registered HCWs, 66 (34.9%) performed invasive procedures without any personal protective equipment. ...

OBJECTIVE Law enforcement represents a large population of workers who may be exposed to electronic control devices (ECDs). Little is known about the potential effect of exposure to these devices on respiration or cardiovascular response during current discharge. METHODS Participants (N = 23) were trainees exposed to 5 s of an ECD (Taser X26(®)) as a component of training. Trainees were asked...

Developmental exposure to environmental toxicants may induce immune system alterations that contribute to adult stage autoimmune disease. We have shown that continuous exposure of MRL+/+ mice to trichloroethylene (TCE) from gestational day (GD) 0 to postnatal day (PND) 49 alters several aspects of CD4(+) T cell function. This window of exposure corresponds to conception-adolescence/young adulth...

MLL rearrangements are hallmark genetic abnormalities in infant leukemia known to arise in utero. They can be induced during human prenatal development upon exposure to etoposide. We also hypothesize that chronic exposure to etoposide might render cells more susceptible to other genomic insults. Here, for the first time, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were used as a model to test the effect...

• HDU grew according to the length of exposure such that HDU was less than 1% among low-exposure use, 3.4% in intermediate exposure while HDU was 20.3% among continuous users. The data support the authors’ decision to conduct subsequent analysis targeting the group most at risk, i.e. the 39,324 continuous users wherein HDU was most prevalent. In the subsequent analysis of continuous users, a mu...

Instrumental variable analysis is an approach for obtaining causal inferences on the effect of an exposure (risk factor) on an outcome from observational data. It has gained in popularity over the past decade with the use of genetic variants as instrumental variables, known as Mendelian randomization. An instrumental variable is associated with the exposure, but not associated with any confound...

The objective of this experiment was to determine if continuous exposure to bull urine alters resumption of ovarian cycling activity of primiparous, suckled beef cows. We tested the hypotheses that interval from urine exposure to resumption of luteal activity and proportions of cows that resume luteal activity by the end of the urine-exposure period do not differ between cows exposed to mature ...

Logistic regression and its corresponding odds ratio(s) (OR) are the most popular measure of association between a continuous or categorical variable with a binary outcome in epidemiology. For example, in epidemeology, we would be interested in the association between health status and life style measures. For a significantly associated predictor of a binary outcome, we can estimate the probabi...