This paper takes as its point of departure two striking incongruities between scientiac practice and trends in modern history and philosophy of science. (1) Many modern historians of science are so preoccupied with local scientiac practices that they fail to recognize important non-local elements. (2) Many modern philosophers of science make a sharp distinction between explanation and evidence,...

BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a serious public health concern and a leading cause of disability. Previous studies have shown this disease is associated with an economic burden of more than $60 billion annually in direct and indirect costs in the United States. OBJECTIVE To analyze the annual and longitudinal costs associated with the treatment of patients with schizophrenia from a payer perspec...

background considerable development of mri technology in diagnostic imaging, high cost of mri technology and controversial issues concerning official charges (tariffs) have been the main motivations to define and implement this study. objectives the present study aimed to calculate the unit-cost of mri services using activity-based costing (abc) as a modern cost accounting system and to fairly ...

A model of costly medical malpractice claims, based on Bayes Rule, is developed to examine the effects of physicians being liable for actual damage under a negligence rule. This model is consistent with empirical evidence concerning the pattern of claims. It is shown that compensating actual damage does not provide physicians with appropriate incentives to spend the second best optimal amount o...

This article investigates multiculturalism by examining the relationship between migrants’ group demands and liberal states’ policies for politically accommodating cultural and religious difference. It focuses especially on Islam. The empirical research compares migrants’ claims-making for group demands in countries with different traditions for granting recognition to migrants’ cultural differ...

Taking seriously the arguments of Earman, Roberts and Smith that ceteris paribus laws have no semantics and cannot be tested, I suggest that ceteris paribus claims have a kind of formal pragmatics, and that at least some of them can be verified or refuted

A number of approaches to decision processes and decision-making have been proposed. These include Cost-Benefit Analysis, Multi-Criteria Approaches, Environmental Impact Assessment, and Positional Analysis (as a form of Systems Approach). While these all claim to be useful in illuminating or solving specific problems related to environment and development, the meta-level question remains – how ...