BACKGROUND Yaws is a non-venereal treponemal infection caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue. The disease is targeted by WHO for eradication by 2020. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are envisaged for confirmation of clinical cases during treatment campaigns and for certification of the interruption of transmission. Yaws testing requires both treponemal (trep) and non-treponemal (non-tr...

BACKGROUND & AIMS There is limited information about the economic impact of nutritional support despite its known clinical benefits. This systematic review examined the cost and cost effectiveness of using standard (non-disease specific) oral nutritional supplements (ONS) administered in the hospital setting only. METHODS A systematic literature search of multiple databases, data synthesis an...

This paper presents a comparative analysis on the signaling cost functions of Mobile IP (MIP) with different paging protocols and schemes and investigates constructing optimal paging areas using discrete system model as a mobility model. In wireless mobile Internet, mobile users often visit foreign networks that might be far away from their home networks and the occurrences of their inter-domai...

By introduction of relay nodes, LTE-Advanced can provide enhanced coverage and capacity at cell edges and hot-spot areas. The authors have been researching the issue of power saving in mobile communications technology such as WiMax and Long Term Evolution (LTE) for some years. Based on the previous idea of load-based power saving, two strategies each with associated schemes to integrated relay ...

Saving of energy and time in drying of laundry directly depends upon the residual water content of the fabric at the end of the spinning cycle. If the amount of water left in the fabric is significantly reduced then the time and energy required to dry the fabric is less. Both these factors benefit the consumer and the national energy consumption. For the USA alone, the 30 % reduction in the res...

Common sense tells us that cost cutting leads to saving, and spending should therefore be minimized. However, a little reflection tells us that this sometimes leads to false economies. In an organizational context, these can lead on to a downward spiral of organizational ‘suicide’. Examples of false economies may include: saving on maintenance; saving on research and development expenditure; sa...

BACKGROUND In 2002, vaccination with a serogroup C meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenC) was introduced in the Netherlands for all children aged 14 months. Despite its success, herd immunity may wane over time. Recently, a serogroup A,C,W135,Y meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY) was licensed for use in subjects of 12 months of age and above. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the cost-effectivenes...