Immature Snell strain dwarf mice were treated with human growth hormone for 20 and 40 days, between the ages of 22 and 41 days and 22 and 61 days, respectively. Mature dwarfs were similarly treated for 20 and 40 days between the ages of 62 and 81 days and 62 and 101 days, respectively. These groups of treated mice were compared with untreated dwarfs and normal mice reared under the same conditi...

The geometric morphometric analysis of shape variation in complex biological structures such as the human skull poses a number of specific challenges: the registration of homologous morphologies, the treatment of bilateral symmetry, the graphical representation of form variability in three dimensions and the interpretation of the results in terms of differential growth processes. To visualize c...

synophthalmia is a form of cyclopia, in which some elements of two eyes are fused and form a single eye in the middle region of the forehead. the head of a holstein female calf born from a 5-year-old cow was referred to department of pathology, school of veterinary medicine, shahrekord university due to multiple congenital anomalies. the calf had been slaughtered immediately after birth due to ...

The wide spectrum of craniofacial malformations makes classification difficult. A simple classification system allows an overview of the current understanding of the etiology, assessment, and treatment of the most frequently encountered craniofacial anomalies. Facial dysostoses are reviewed on the basis of their diverse etiology, pathogenesis, anatomy, and treatment. Conditions discussed includ...

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this longitudinal study was to compare the craniofacial growth changes in untreated subjects with Class II Division 1 malocclusion with those in subjects with normal (Class I) occlusion from the prepubertal through the postpubertal stages of development, as defined by a biological indicator of individual skeletal maturity (cervical vertebral maturation method). MET...