Over the last few years, researchers have put significant effort into understanding of notion proportional representation in committee election. In particular, recently they proposed proportionality degree. We study complexity computing committees with a given degree and testing if provides particular one. This way, we complement recent studies that mostly focused on (extended) justified repres...

the death of the english national health service (nhs) has been pronounced many times over the years, but the time and cause of death and the murder weapon remains to be fully established. this article reviews some of these claims, and asks for clearer criteria and evidence to be presented.

The principle of proportionality refers to the criteria for fair and optimal balancing interests. It is widely applied international disputes has gained institutional scholarly acceptance in field law. This paper aims explore longue durée principle, drawing on an interdisciplinary perspective affirms traditional role legal sphere values its familiar introducing flexibility law, remaining close ...

Tighter European Commission criteria on exports of covid-19 vaccines from the 27 member bloc came into force Friday 26 March, despite strong opposition. The new rules introduce two hurdles reciprocity and proportionality. Exports to a country could be blocked if it restricts its own exports, either by law or contractual arrangements, vaccine rates supplies are better than Union’s. The commissi...

The idea of proportionality, which compares votes cast to seats won, is a common test of fair representation. But fair representation is a relation between electoral aims and electoral outcomes. The proportionality test falsely presupposes that each voter aims to support a political party. It therefore tells us nothing about fair representation. We need to construct a deeper criterion of fair r...

BACKGROUND Relative survival is a method of analysis of failure-time data used to estimate the net survival. Cancer registries frequently use this method. The main regressive models are the Hakulinen and Tenkanen model, and the Esteve et al. model, which are easily used in practice thanks to their specific software (SURV and RELSURV, respectively). An assessment of the behaviour of the models i...

Incomplete population counts indicate change in population sizes when constant proportionality holds, a condition that is rarely met. However, researchers have not explored whether constant proportionality holds for a segment of a population. I examined whether the female segment (juv, subadult M, subadult and ad F) of a Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) population displayed constant pr...