BACKGROUND Understanding circuit function would be greatly facilitated by methods that allow the simultaneous estimation of the functional strengths of all of the synapses in the network during ongoing network activity. Towards that end, we used Granger causality analysis on electrical recordings from the pyloric network of the crab Cancer borealis, a small rhythmic circuit with known connectiv...

Detection and attribution methodologies have been developed over the years to delineate anthropogenic from natural drivers of climate change and impacts. A majority of prior attribution studies, which have used climate model simulations and observations or reanalysis datasets, have found evidence for human-induced climate change. This papers tests the hypothesis that Granger causality can be ex...

In this article, the authors examined the evidence for linkages among 3 variables: schooling, intelligence, and income. They concluded that intelligence and schooling have a bidirectional relationship, with each variable influencing variations in the other. Moreover, changes in both schooling and intelligence influence variations in economic outcomes. Although any single study of the interdepen...

Reified theories have been used widely in knowledge representation. From an ontological perspective, reification involve populating the ontology with event or property types and tokens. While type reification has been used in many works, it has been criticized as being philosophically unsound, and token reification has been advocated in its place by Galton. In this paper, we take the position o...

I introduce environment-assisted invariance or envariance-a symmetry exhibited by correlated quantum systems and related to causality-and describe how it can be used to understand the nature of ignorance and, hence, the origin and interpretation of Born's rule for quantum probabilities.

Results Prentice’s operational criteria, proportion of treatment effect explained and relative effect were the original techniques for evaluating surrogacy. These led to the development of several approaches for surrogate evaluation, namely; principal stratification, direct and indirect effects, meta-analytical (including the surrogate threshold effect) and information theory. Each methodologic...