High purity distillation columns are critical unit operations in cryogenic air separation plants. The development of nonlinear control technology is motivated by the need to frequently change production rates in response to time varying utility costs. Detailed column models based on stage-by-stage balance equations are too complex to be incorporated directly into optimization-based strategies s...

A cryogenically cooled Yb:YLF laser with 224-W output power at 995 nm, linearly polarized along the c-axis, has been demonstrated, and laser oscillation has also been obtained polarized along the a-axis. The beam quality had an M ~ 1.1 at 60-W output and M ~ 2.6 at 180-W output for c-axis polarization. This level of average power is approximately two orders of magnitude higher than demonstrated...

We report on the dynamics of ultrafast heating in cryogenic hydrogen initiated by a ≲300  fs, 92 eV free electron laser x-ray burst. The rise of the x-ray scattering amplitude from a second x-ray pulse probes the transition from dense cryogenic molecular hydrogen to a nearly uncorrelated plasmalike structure, indicating an electron-ion equilibration time of ∼0.9  ps. The rise time agrees with r...

A new target system based on a continuous cryogenic liquid jet for debris-free laser-plasma soft x-ray generation is described. The system is experimentally evaluated with liquid nitrogen as target material. With this target the photon flux is 4.5310 photons/~sr3pulse! from the l52.88 nm N VI line. Brightness and stability are also investigated for this table-top soft x-ray microscope source. T...

A Cryogenic Current Comparator is a highly sensitive tool for the non-destructive online monitoring of continuous as well as bunched beams of very low intensities. The noise-limited current resolution of such a device depends on the ferromagnetic material embedded in the pickup coil of the CCC. Therefore, the main focus of research was on the low temperature properties of ferromagnetic core mat...

Interrogating fragment libraries by X-ray crystallography is a powerful strategy for discovering allosteric ligands for protein targets. Cryocooling of crystals should theoretically increase the fraction of occupied binding sites and decrease radiation damage. However, it might also perturb protein conformations that can be accessed at room temperature. Using data from crystals measured consecu...

Enhanced performances of 111-V field effects transistors are generally expected at cryogenic temperatures thanks to the better confinement and the velocity of carriers. An overview of our recent work on ultrashort gate-length HEMTs on GaAs and InP substrates at low temperature is presented in this paper. The compared behavior of the devices and the relative enhancement or degradation of their l...

Accurate and rapid noise-temperature measurements are critical to the modeling and development of high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) cryogenically cooled amplifiers. Four different techniques have been used in the laboratory to make noise-temperature measurements of cryogenically cooled amplifiers, and each of these is described below. Following this, the cryogenic pad method, the method ...

In this paper, a new tank with cryogenic charging (liquid nitrogen) is introduced. On the basis of this tank it is proposed to create a throttle cooling system, which may have enhanced characteristics compared with a throttle cooling system based on high pressure tank. This article deals with first results of tests of a tank with cryogenic charging (liquid nitrogen), which have been made at lev...

The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) experiment utilizes novel cryogenic particle detectors for a direct search of dark matter particles in the form of WIMPs in our galaxy. The detectors are able to discriminate between nuclear and electron recoils through the simultaneous measurement of ionization and phonons. We report on the latest results from several kg-day exposure of Ge and Si detecto...