Low-temperature electronics operating in below zero temperatures or even below the lower limit of the common -65 to 125 °C temperature range are essential in medical diagnostics, in space exploration and aviation, in processing and storage of food and mainly in scientific research, like superconducting materials engineering and their applications-superconducting magnets, superconducting energy ...

The market of satellite telecommunications will be shaped by four main trends: democratization, regionalization, digitalization and the use of higher frequency bands. To cope with the economical and technical demands of the market and to compete with the terrestrial networks, operators and manufacturers shall upgrade theirs satellites. The evolution should take two ways: gigantism or adaptation...

LIGO is exploring cryogenics as the ultimate weapon to reduce the thermal noise of mirrors and suspensions in Gravitational Wave Interferometric Detector (GWID). Some of the cryogenic or cryogenic related R&D made in LIGO are reported here. Some of the techniques being considered to make cryogenics possible may become useful even for room temperature detectors. Introduction. In the summer 2000 ...

Studies, taking into account the expected radiation doses for the different sections in the LHC accelerator tunnel, such as regular arcs and dispersion suppressors, show that electronic equipment can be considered for installation under the magnets [1,2,3,4]. An estimate based on work carried out for String 2, the LHC Magnet String Program [5], and extrapolated to the whole LHC machine gives a ...

This thesis describes the development of high critical temperature superconducting quantum interference device (high-Tc SQUID) magnetometers based on bicrystal grain boundary and nanowire junctions for the potential use in on-scalp magnetoencephalography (MEG), which is a new generation MEG technique with reduced sensor-to-subject standoff distances. MEG is a method of mapping neural dynamics i...

Interleaving phases of LBNE and Project Xwill enable pursuit of ever increasing sensitivity to neutrino mixing parameters. Stage 1 of Project X can also enable pursuit of several other physics opportunities in parallel. We survey here the research program for the irst stage of Project X, which is technically advanced enough now to consider it at the same time as Phase 1 of the recon igured LBNE...

The subjectivity of time As children, we all remember when time stretched ahead and seemed both limitless and languid. Whether it was the long summer vacation or a keenly anticipated event, time seemed to have a more leisurely pace. But as we get older, time seems to accelerate. We catch ourselves thinking how a year can have passed so quickly—where has the last decade gone—it seems like only a...

The topic of global warming as a result of increased atmospheric CO2 concentration is arguably the most important environmental issue that the world faces today. It is a global problem that will need to be solved on a global level. The link between anthropogenic emissions of CO2 with increased atmospheric CO2 levels and, in turn, with increased global temperatures has been well established and ...

Model checking is a promising formal verification method to complement testing in order to improve the quality of PLC programs. However, its application typically needs deep expertise in formal methods. To overcome this problem, we introduce PLCverif, a tool that builds on our verification methodology and hides all the formal verification-related difficulties from the user, including model cons...

In recent years a variety of schemes have been explored for compact, short-wavelength laser sources in solids. These include wide gap semiconductor diode lasers,* nonlinear generation of optical harmonics by phase matching,2 quasiphase matching,3 and upconversion lasers in bulk media4 and fibers.5 In practical terms, while all these approaches have shown promise, all currently exhibit important...