When background gas is present in pulsed laser– material interaction, a shock wave down to the nanoscale will emerge. The background gas will affect the phase change and explosion in the target. This study is focused on the void dynamics and stress wave in a model material (argon crystal) under picosecond pulsed laser irradiation. Our results show that existence of ambient gas and the shock wav...

Electromigration induced failure development in a copper dual-damascene structure with a through silicon via (TSV) located at the cathode end of the line is studied. The resistance change caused by void growth under the TSV and the interconnect lifetime estimation are modeled based on analytical expressions and also investigated with the help of numerical simulations of fully three-dimensional ...

New developments in the theory and numerical simulation of a recently proposed one-dimensional nonlinear time-dependent fluid model (Avinash K, Bhattacharjee A and Hu S 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 075001) for void formation in dusty plasmas are presented. The model describes an initial instability caused by the ion drag, rapid nonlinear growth, and a nonlinear saturation mechanism that realizes a ...

We present a novel method for simulation of the interior of large cosmic voids, suitable for study of the formation and evolution of objects lying within such regions. Following Birkhoff’s theorem, void regions dynamically evolve as universes with cosmological parameters that depend on the underdensity of the void. We derive the values of ΩM , ΩΛ, and H0 that describe this evolution. We examine...

The conical air-void structure of an InGaN light-emitting diode (LEDs) was formed at the GaN/sapphire interface to increase the light extraction efficiency. The fabrication process of the conical air-void structure consisted of a dry process and a crystallographic wet etching process on an undoped GaN layer, followed by a re-growth process for the InGaN LED structure. A higher light output powe...

Although fatigue damage in bone induced by cyclic loading has been recognized as a problem of clinical significance, few fracture mechanics based studies have investigated how incipient cracks grow by fatigue in this material. In the present study, in vitro cyclic fatigue experiments were performed in order to quantify fatigue-crack growth behavior in human cortical bone. Crack-growth rates spa...

Hydrodynamics has a strong influence on substrate elimination capacity in trickle-bed bioreactors (TBB). The present study reports the influence of liquid mass flow rate and bed void fraction on the TBB liquid residence time distribution (RTD), gas-liquid pressure drop, liquid hold-up, and biofilm wetting efficiency. Most RTD are well represented by a dispersion model. It is also shown that the...