BACKGROUND Female genital mutilation (FGM) usually undertaken between the ages of 1-9 years and is widely practised in some part of Africa and by migrants from African countries in other parts of the world. Laws prohibit FGM in almost every country. FGM can cause immediate complications (pain, bleeding and infection) and delayed complications (sexual, obstetric, psychological problems). Several...

A new method for obtaining the response of a baaed, uid{loaded, nite cylindrical shell using the nite element method is presented. The Galerkin nite element formulation for this problem utilizes a Neumann Green's function representation of the pressure loading on the shell. By representing the pressure loading in this manner, only the structure need be discretized. Both C 0 and C 1 nite element...

Cylindrical shells, unstiffened or stiffened with rings and/or stringers are commonly used in offshore structures as main loading-carrying members. Comprehensive theoretical work and experimental studies on the buckling behavior of cylindrical shells have been carried out in the past. The increasing offshore application of stiffened cylindrical shells has raised some new challenges that need to...

BACKGROUND health professionals in Belgium are confronted with female genital mutilation (FGM). To date, no survey to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices on FGM was conducted among midwives in the Northern region of Belgium. OBJECTIVE the objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of Flemish midwives regarding female genital mutilation (FGM). DESIGN we...

BACKGROUND The existing literature is contradictory regarding effects of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) on sexual functions. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of type I and II FGM/C on sexual function of Egyptian women. METHODS We recruited 197 cut women and 197 control women from those visiting Assiut University hospitals for different reasons. We asked each woman to...

BACKGROUND Reliable evidence about the effect of female genital mutilation (FGM) on obstetric outcome is scarce. This study examines the effect of different types of FGM on obstetric outcome. METHODS 28 393 women attending for singleton delivery between November, 2001, and March, 2003, at 28 obstetric centres in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sudan were examined before deli...

In this paper, a unified analytical approach is proposed to investigate vibrational behavior of functionally graded shells. Theoretical formulation is established based on Sanders’ thin shell theory. The modal forms are assumed to have the axial dependency in the form of Fourier series whose derivatives are legitimized using Stokes transformation. Material properties are assumed to be graded in...

In this study, the free vibration of partially fluid-filled laminated composite circular cylindrical shell with arbitrary boundary conditions has been investigated by using Rayleigh-Ritz method. The analysis has been carried out with strain-displacement relations based on Love’s thin shell theory and the contained fluid is assumed irrotational, incompressible and inviscid. After determining the...