The apical-basal axis of the Arabidopsis gynoecium is established early during development and is divided into four elements from the bottom to the top: the gynophore, the ovary, the style, and the stigma. Currently, it is proposed that the hormone auxin plays a critical role in the correct apical-basal patterning through a concentration gradient from the apical to the basal part of the gynoeci...

Cytokinins are hormones that are involved in various processes of plant growth and development. The model of cytokinin signalling starts with hormone perception through membrane-localized histidine kinase receptors. Although the biochemical properties and functions of these receptors have been extensively studied, there is no solid proof of their subcellular localization. Here, cell biological ...

Lychee (Litchi chinensis) has been analyzed for cytokinins in buds before and after flower bud differentiation, using reversephase high performance liquid chromatography in combination with Amaranthus bioassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring. Four cytokinins, zeatin, zeatin riboside, N(6)-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine, and N(6)-(delta(6)-isopentenyl) adenine rib...

The homeodomain transcription factor WUSCHEL (WUS) defines the shoot stem cell niche, but the mechanisms underlying the establishment of WUS expression remain unclear. Here, we show that cytokinin signaling precedes WUS expression in leaf axils and activates WUS expression de novo in the leaf axil to promote axillary meristem initiation. Furthermore, type-B Arabidopsis response regulator protei...

In 1913, Gottlieb Haberlandt found that phloem exudates from various plant species had the ability to stimulate cell division in wounded potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers (Haberlandt, 1913). These studies implied the existence of a soluble factor(s) that could promote cell division in plant cells. In the 1950s, work primarily by Carlos Miller in Folke Skoog’s laboratory identified cytokinin as ...

In 1913, Gottlieb Haberlandt found that phloem exudates from various plant species had the ability to stimulate cell division in wounded potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers (Haberlandt, 1913). These studies implied the existence of a soluble factor(s) that could promote cell division in plant cells. In the 1950s, work primarily by Carlos Miller in Folke Skoog’s laboratory identified cytokinin as ...

In the past few years, enormous progress has been made in understanding cytokinin perception and signalling. Three cytokinin receptor proteins, which are hybrid histidine kinases, have been identified in Arabidopsis. These receptors may transduce signals in a quantitative rheostat-like fashion, thus permitting long-lasting and continuously variable signalling that is directly dependent on the h...

The endogenous levels of auxin and cytokinin in teratoma and unorganized tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. var Wisconsin #38) crown gall tumor tissues were determined. Teratoma tissues contain levels of auxin and cytokinin favorable for shoot formation, whereas unorganized tumors contain levels of auxin that suppress shoot formation. This conclusion is based upon the observation that when levels of...

Two morphactins and three aminofluorenes initiated the formation of compact tissue nodules in hormone-dependent tobacco callus cultures. These nodules, upon subculture, behaved like partially transformed plant tumors. They grew on cytokinin-free media, while control callus and nonnodule tissue still required an exogenous cytokinin source. The data indicate that substituted fluorenes, including ...

Excised roots of Bryophyllum calycinum require for growth both auxin and cytokinin. This is demonstrated by the poor growth of 2-mm root tips in a basal medium of mineral salts, sucrose, and vitamins supplemented with either an auxin or a cytokinin, and much better growth when the basal medium is supplemented with both auxin and cytokinin. However, both substances are synthesized by the root, a...