The methodology for evaluating the impacts and damage costs ('external costs') due to pollution from waste treatment is described and the results are presented, based on the ExternE project series of the European Commission. The damage costs of landfill and incineration of municipal solid waste are compared, with due account for energy and materials recovery, as well as possible differences in ...

Validating simulated predictions of internal damage within armor ceramics is preferable to simply assessing a model s ability to predict penetration depth, especially if one hopes to perform subsequent ‘‘second strike’’ analyses. We present the results of a study in which crack networks are seeded by using a statistically perturbed strength, the median of which is inherited from a deterministic...

This study proposes damage detection algorithms for multistory shear structures that only need the first two or three natural frequencies. The methods are able to determine the location and severity of damage on the basis of damage location indices (DLI) and damage quantification indices (DQI) consisting of the changes in the first few squared natural frequencies of the undamaged and damaged st...

Cost-effective and reliable damage detection is critical for the utilization of composite materials. This paper presents part of an experimental and analytical survey of candidate methods for in-situ damage detection of composite materials. Experimental results are presented for the application of Lamb wave techniques to quasi-isotropic graphite/epoxy thin coupons and sandwich beams containing ...

OBJECTIVE To demonstrate a cost benefit while using disposable laser fibers as compared with reusable laser fibers. Flexible ureteroscopy (FURS) is a central component of endourology. It is vital that for service provision and training purposes, costs are kept down while delivering this service. Laser fibers are known to damage scopes causing high repair and/or replacement costs. MATERIALS AN...

Although normalization of brain images is critical to the analysis of structural damage across individuals, loss of tissue due to focal lesions presents challenges to the available normalization algorithms. Until recently, cost function masking, as advocated by Brett and colleagues (2001), was the accepted method to overcome difficulties encountered when normalizing damaged brains; however, dev...

OBJECTIVES There has been an increased request for intensive training and rehabilitation of patients with brain damage in Norway. These programs are demanding with regard to personnel, travelling, time and economic resources. We aimed to indicate cost and gain to make these programs cost-effective. METHODS A retrospective study included all patients referred to the Northern Norway Regional He...

Aside caused by an increase in the community's need for vehicle transportation facilities, road damage can also be condition of soil base, unstable pavement and weathering surface. Immediate handling this situation is needed to prevent complexity due damage. The aimed study was identify relationship between level cost repair. This research conducted on 3.5 km at Keuniree-Simpang Sanggeu which d...

concrete bridge deck damage detection by measurement and monitoring variables related to vibration signatures is one of the main tasks of any bridge health monitoring system (bhms). generally damage puts some detectable/discoverable signs in the parameters of bridge vibration behavior. however, differences between frequency and mode shape before and after damage are not remarkable as vibration ...

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