Background: Macrophages activation is the important anti-leishmania immune response. Different signals could affect macrophages development and functional activation. Objectives: In the present study, we compared the effect of Leishmania Soluble Antigen (LSA)and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on peritoneal macrophage responses. Appropriate activation of macrophages depends on thesignals they receive ...

background macrophages play critical roles in innate immune response in the liver. whether macrophages participate in liver innate immunity against hcv replication is poorly understood objectives the aim of this study was to investigate the role of macrophages in liver innate immunity against hcv replication. conclusions macrophages may play an important role in liver innate immunity against hc...

background: we evaluated the effect of the ethanolic extract of scrophularia striata on the iranian strain of leishmania major (mrho/ir/75/er) both in vitro and in vivo conditions methods: the effective dose (ed) of ethanolic extract of s. striata were determined using  mtt assay  on the growth of promastigote forms of  l. major in axenic culture media. then, the ed 50 of  s. striata on mice pe...

background: the present study was designed to evaluate the secondary microglial activation processes after spinal cord injury (sci). methods: a quantitative histological study was performed to determine ed-1 positive cells, glial cell density, and cavitation size in untreated sci rats at days 1, 2, and 4, and weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4. results: the results of glial cell quantification along the 4900...

Growth rates were determined for two captive litters (one male and one female) of nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) born to the same parents in two successive years. For females, gain in mass from birth to about 2 years old was best described by a fourth order polynomial function. However, increase in mass was linear from birth up to at least 400 days of age. The male litter was bor...

background: during the initial phase of an infection, there is an upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the macrophages for the production of nitric oxide. this is followed by the recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) which release arginase. arginase competes with inducible nitric oxide synthase for a common substrate l-arginine. objective: to investigate whethe...

objective: macrophages influence their environment and surrounding immune cells as soon as stimulators affect them. different sources of macrophages induce different reactions in their neighboring immune cells,which result in non-uniform immunologic outcomes. in this experimental research, we compare the behavior of peritoneal macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (lps) stimulation from balb/cmice ...