background and objective: today, opioids are used to control and relieve acute and chronic pain. however, the incidence of both tolerance and dependence phenomena for these drugs is a major problem. so, in this study, the combination effect of haloperidol and methadone on the acquisition and expression of morphine dependence and tolerance was examined.    materials and methods: ninety-eight mic...

long-term exposure to opiates induces physical dependence and tolerance. the main goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of dextromethorphan and midazolam and their combination on morphine tolerance and dependence in mice. different groups of mice were rendered randomly and received morphine (50 mg/kg, sc), morphine (50 mg/kg, sc) + dextromethorphan (25,50 or 75 mg/kg, ip), morphine (50...

one of the most important behavioral aspects in relationship among the main members of marketing channel is the issue of power and dependence that here we have looked through the source of power and countervailing power and we have considered reputation independence, sale and profits and marketing role dependence. in this research relationship between the two main marketing channel members in h...

Some concepts of information theory, as entropy, conditional entropy and mutual information may be very useful to analyse several financial time series, especially statistical dependences. Trough the similarity between those measures and variance analysis is possible to get a new approach to study the level of statistical dependences in financial time series. KEY-WORDS: entropy, conditional ent...

The main goals of this paper are to provide formal characterizations of comovement that are useful empirically in health economics applications and to demonstrate the utility of some of these measures via applications to volume-outcome question using data from the 2005 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Specifically, the paper focuses on the concepts of quadrant dependence and association and their o...

This paper details the correspondence between various dependence concepts and stochastic orderings for an Archimedean copula Cφ(x, y) = φ −1{φ(x) + φ(y)} and the aging properties of the corresponding life distribution Fφ(t) = 1− φ−1(t). Various applications of the results are given. AMS (2000) subject classification. Primary 62H05, 62H20; secondary 62N05.

The paper establishes equivalence of two axiomatizations of the relative set theory GRIST, examines dependence of nonstandard concepts on the choice of the level, and proves that several nonstandard definitions of Lebesgue measure are equivalent. The last section extends GRIST to a theory of external sets. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification 26E35 (primary); 03E70, 03H05, 28E05 (secondary)

Finite-bandwidth effects on the temperature dependence of the mobility of injected carriers in pure organic crystals are explored for a simplifed case of impurity scattering. Temperature-dependent bandwidth effects are discussed briefly through a simplified combination of band and polaronic concepts.

The asynchronous systems are non-deterministic real time, binary valued models of the asynchronous circuits from electronics. Autonomy means that there is no input and regularity means analogies with the (real) dynamical systems. We introduce the concepts of dependence on the initial states and of transitivity for these systems.

This paper develops the notion of abstraction in the context of the psychology of concepts, and discusses its relation to context dependence in knowledge representation. Three general approaches to modelling conceptual knowledge from the domain of cognitive psychology are discussed, which serve to illustrate a theoretical dimension of increasing levels of abstraction.