BACKGROUND The evidence from epidemiological research into whether use of hormonal contraception increases women's risk of HIV acquisition is inconsistent. We did a robust meta-analysis of existing data to provide summary estimates by hormonal contraceptive method which can be used to inform contraceptive guidelines, models, and future studies. METHODS We updated a recent systematic review to...

OBJECTIVE To investigate depot medroxyprogesterone (DMPA)-associated bone loss in a general practice setting. DESIGN Forty-eight patients from a single practice who had used DMPA for contraception for more than 2 years. All patients had a serum oestradiol and if the serum level was <52 pmol/l or >52 pmol/l with menopausal symptoms, bone mineral densitometry (BMD) measurements were made at the...

Introduction: This article discusses reproductive health for a young woman with positive HIV during postnatal care. Discussion: In HIV-positive patients, ART treatment protocols may vary. Hormonal contraception in combined oral (COC), progestin-only pill, depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), and implant are considered safe. An intrauterine device (IUD) is also safe women. Cervical cancer sc...

The Contraceptive Equality Mandate took effect in Wisconsin on January 1, 2010. This mandate from the Wisconsin Office of the Commissioner of Insurance requires all insurance companies in the state of Wisconsin to cover all types of contraception, making Wisconsin the 28th state to do so. This article reviews the literature related to several types of contraception including Implanon (a newly a...

Access to emergency contraception (EC) has little restriction in South Africa. EC is a contraceptive method that can be used by women up to 7 days after unprotected intercourse. It can be used in the following situations: when no contraceptive has been used; for condom accidents; after intrauterine contraceptive device expulsion; when a contraceptive method has been incorrectly used, or contrac...

Objective: To examine the relationship between progestin-only contraception and breast cancer, and to make recommendations regarding contraception for the breast cancer survivor. Outcome: Incidence of breast cancer among users of progestin-only contraception. Evidence: PubMed and Medline databases were searched using the terms “breast cancer” and “progesterone,” “contraception,” “depot medroxyp...

Objective: To examine the relationship between progestin-only contraception and breast cancer, and to make recommendations regarding contraception for the breast cancer survivor. Outcome: Incidence of breast cancer among users of progestin-only contraception. Evidence: PubMed and Medline databases were searched using the terms “breast cancer” and “progesterone,” “contraception,” “depot medroxyp...

BACKGROUND Sexual affairs are one of the physiological needs affecting human health. Sexual functioning disorders can reduce individual's capabilities and creativities. Sexual relations are in the center of women's quality of life. The most important family planning is to prevent unintended pregnancies. Injectable contraceptives protect women exposed to many complications and mortality due to u...