Despite the proliferation of oral motor therapies, much controversy exists regarding the application and benefit of neuromuscular treatments (NMTs) such as strength training for alleviating dysarthria and/or dysphagia. Not only is limited empirical support available to validate the use of NMTs, but clinicians may also lack the foundational information needed to judge the theoretical soundness o...

Many controversies in medical science can be framed as tension between a coherence approach (which seeks logic and explanation) and a correspondence approach (which emphasizes empirical correctness). In many instances, a coherencebased theory leads to an understanding of disease that is not supported by empirical evidence. Physicians and patients alike tend to favor the coherence approach even ...

The global outsourcing of information technology (IT) activities, has received increased attention recently, given the controversy it generates. Differing views on IT offshoring prevail. One view claims IT offshoring steals jobs away from the United States economy, while another view maintains IT offshoring creates jobs and improves the overall Unites States economy. Despite the controversy cre...

Vaccination policy in the case of human papillomavirus (HPV) has remained a constant source of controversy ever since Gardasil, Merck's vaccine against HPV, received US Food and Drug Administration approval in the summer of 2006. This controversy has centered on the risks and benefits of vaccinating girls and women in rich and poor nations alike. However, despite all of the attention created by...

BACKGROUND Appendectomy for appendicitis is a common operation that is performed by most general surgeons. Despite the large number of appendectomies, numerous management controversies continue. METHODS Review of the pertinent English language literature. RESULTS Controversy persists regarding the use of imaging studies for diagnosis, laparoscopic vs. open surgical methods, nonoperative man...

Animal eyes have long served as a classical example of independent origin followed by convergence of structures onto a few different solutions. During the past decade this view has been challenged by the discovery of shared developmental regulatory genes. The Pax6 gene in particular is almost universally employed for eye formation in bilaterian animals, despite widely different embryological or...

There has been much controversy over the incorporation of organic-ligand-encapsulated plasmonic nanoparticles in the active layer of bulk heterojunction organic solar cells, where both enhancement and detraction in performance have been reported. Here through comprehensive transient optical spectroscopy and electrical characterization, we demonstrate evidence of traps responsible for performanc...