world production of caviar from the farmed sturgeon has recently so increased that in addition to compensate reduction of natural resources of sturgeon, it has also increased its share in the world market for caviar and its substitutes. although belarus, china and norway are currently considered as the main exporting countries of caviar and its substitutes but, iran solely exports caviar from s...

Electrolyte disorders are among the most frequent and challenging problems facing the admitting physician and many have serious prognostic significance1. Early and informed intervention is necessary, but the outcome may be disappointing. Hyponatraemia with serum sodium below 130 mmol/l occurs in 3–5% of hospital admissions2 and death rates vary from 11–70%3. In patients with hypernatraemia with...

complexion, was feized on the 24th of June, 1787, with fhivering, followed by heat, thirft, head ach, and pain in all her limbs. Thefe fymptoms had been preceded by an haemorrhage from the uterus, which, after fublifting for iome weeks, had declined about a fortnight before the above-mentioned attack of fever, and had left her in a ftate of great debility. On the evening of the 24th, her friend...

Reputation systems evolve as a mechanism to build trust in virtual communities. In this paper we evaluate different metrics for computing reputation in multi-agent systems. We present a formal model for describing metrics in reputation systems and show how different well-known global reputation metrics are expressed by it. Based on the model a generic simulation framework for reputation metrics...

Trust between communicating peers is increasingly catching the attention of the research community. Several methods have been proposed to assist the task of establishing trust between communicating peers; all of which make use of reputation mechanisms. We find that in present literature, reputation is incorrectly defined, as some chief aspects of reputation are not considered while defining it....

Reputation systems are often useful in large online communities in which most of the users are unknown to each others. They are good tools to force the users to act in truthfulness way. However, for reputation systems to work effectively users have to be willing to provide rates. In order to incentivize the users to provide honest rates, a reputation system have to ensure their privacy and anon...

During the last twenty years, a huge amount of trust and reputation models have been proposed, each of them with their own particularities and targeting different domains. While much effort has been made in defining ever-increasing complex models, little attention has been paid to abstract away the particularities of these models into a common set of easily understandable concepts. We propose a...

In this paper we describe a generic approach to modeling user reputation in online social platforms based on an underlying model of collaboration. This distinguishes our approach from more conventional reputation models which are often based around ad-hoc activity metrics. We evaluate our model with respect to a conventional reputation model used by 3 social Q&A websites, each based on a differ...