The body of knowledge in open innovation (OI) has been growing and, nowadays, it is one of the most popular and debated concepts in innovation management. However, the literature on OI is fragmented, many definitions have been used across the studies and in each paper different characteristics of open innovation are assessed. This issue creates many “flavors” of OI, which in turn creates obstac...

This paper provides evidence that offshore patent laws influence global firms’ innovation decisions. Within a simple model of multinational production, we find that a novel consequence of imitation risk is that firms innovate selectively, directing investments in product development toward relatively short-lived varieties that are difficult to imitate prior to obsolescence. A key implication of...

The effect of 2, 4-D and TDZ concentrations on primary embryogenesis seem to be genotype dependent. There were significant differences between the control and the other treatments on somatic embryo production by genotype AMAZ 3-2. Genotype COCA 3370-5 did not show any significant difference among the treatments with 1mg/l 2, 4-D + 1μg/l TDZ, 1mg/l 2,4-D + 10μg/l TDZ and the control treatment. T...

Improvisation is intuition in action, a way to discover the muse and respond to her call. The outpourings of intuition consist of a continuous, rapid flow of choice, choice, choice. —Stephen Nachmanovich, Free Play: Improvisation in Life and Art [14] This paper maintains that the practice and theories of improvisational and activist theatre can infuse interactive computer games with spontaneous...

Haagen Dazs is a famous high-end ice cream brand in China. After entering the Chinese market, has been selling well. However, recent years, Dazs' sales are much lower than before. Some researchers believe that marketing strategy and market environment have great impact on its changes. specific reasons for this change still lack unified explanation. The aim of paper was to explore advantages dis...