Dinoflagellates are haploid eukaryotic microalgae in which rapid proliferation causes dense blooms, with harmful health and economic effects to humans. The proliferation mode is mainly asexual, as the sexual cycle is believed to be rare and restricted to stressful environmental conditions. However, sexuality is key to explaining the recurrence of many dinoflagellate blooms because in many speci...

The dinoflagellates are a diverse lineage of microbial eukaryotes. Dinoflagellate monophyly and their position within the group Alveolata are well established. However, phylogenetic relationships between dinoflagellate orders remain unresolved. To date, only a limited number of dinoflagellate studies have used a broad taxon sample with more than two concatenated markers. This lack of resolution...

The relationships between the inorganic nutrients and diversity of dinoflagellate cysts (the N-Dc relationships) are one most central issues in coastal ecology. It is not only an important pathway to explore ecological processes plankton, but also a key element for assessing eutrophication marine ecosystems. Although have been studied many years, they remained controversial, which may be attrib...

Siliceous planktons are valuable indicators of the environmental conditions in both modern and past marine settings. However, contrast to diatoms radiolarians, other siliceous micro- nanoplankton Arctic Ocean have been rarely explored. In this study, silicoflagellates, endoskeletal dinoflagellate Actiniscus pentasterias chrysophyte cysts were investigated one-year mooring sediment trap material...

The paralytic shellfish toxin (PST)-producing dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum grows in association with a complex marine bacterial community that is both essential for growth and can alter culture growth dynamics. Using a bacterial community replacement approach, we examined the intracellular PST content, production rate, and profile of G. catenatum cultures grown with bacterial communitie...

Three strains of the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii of different geographic origin were tested for their short-term deleterious effects on a diversity of marine protists. All A. ostenfeldii strains were capable of eliciting an apparent allelochemical response, but the various protistan target species were differentially affected. Protists that were negatively affected by exposure...

intraosseous ganglia can affect the carpal bones of the hand and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of wrist pain. a 38-year-old female presented with a 14-month history of left wrist pain and a radiolucent cystic lesion was seen computed tomography (ct) scanning. characteristic radiographic findings of a cyst in association with a fine sclerotic rim was apparent. we report an unu...

Members of the parasitic dinoflagellate genus lethally infect other marine dinoflagellates, including red tide forming and toxin-producing species. The known geographical distribution of sp. parasites in costal waters of the northern hemisphere is more likely reflecting a lack of information from other areas rather than the actual picture. We investigated the presence of sp. parasites infecting...

The superfamily of light-harvesting complex (LHC) proteins is comprised of proteins with diverse functions in light-harvesting and photoprotection. LHC proteins bind chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoids and include a family of LHCs that bind Chl a and c. Dinophytes (dinoflagellates) are predominantly Chl c binding algal taxa, bind peridinin or fucoxanthin as the primary carotenoid, and can possess...

New palynological and calcareous nannofossil records are presented for the Turonian–Coniacian boundary section at Salzgitter-Salder, Germany, candidate Coniacian GSSP. The proposed base of Stage is Bed 46, first appearance datum level Cremnoceramus deformis erectus, which coincident with a δ13C minimum top Navigation carbon isotope event. Palynological assemblages dominated by organic walled di...