13 Prior studies of mitochondrial genomic variation reveal that the Japanese brown frog Rana 14 tagoi comprises a complex of cryptic species lineages, and that R. sakuraii arose from within 15 this complex. Neither species forms a monophyletic group on the mitochondrial haplotype tree, 16 precluding a simple explanation for the evolutionary origins of R. sakuraii. We present a more 17 complete ...

Background: Discordance has always been a bane in the efforts to stop spread of HIV within population as it creates gap through which re-infection occurs. Knowing demographics associated with discordance will help fight against AIDS transmission. Objectives: The study was conducted assess demographic and social factors among HIV- infected couples. Methods: A total 158 couples 317 individuals we...

Three pedigrees were identified in which mitral valve prolapse seemed to be inherited as a mendelian autosomal dominant trait. The segregation of the genes encoding the major fibrillar collagens present in valve tissue, collagens I and III, was analysed by use of restriction enzyme site variants as genetic markers. In one pedigree there was discordance between the segregation of the disease and...

Delayed diagnosis of drug resistance has been a major obstacle to proper management and control of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). Expanded access to rapid molecular diagnostics such as Xpert MTB/RIF has been helpful, but has generated confusion about how to interpret genotype-phenotype discordance. Optimal management is not clearly defined for patients with rifampin resistance by Xpert MTB/R...

A case of isolated atrioventricular discordance in situs solitus is described. The importance of a well defined situs and of the presence of both ventricles in making this diagnosis is underlined and previous published reports reviewed. It is suggested that the haemodynamic concept of isolated atrioventricular discordance cannot be described only by the spatial relation between the ventricles (...

Study design, materials and methods Fuzzy relations and the maximum-minimum composition approach were used to develop the system. The model was initially tested with 100 cases, whose retrospective data were obtained from medical and clinical urodynamics records. To construct the system model the composition of fuzzy relations called max-min composition[1] was used. A fuzzy relation could expres...