I argue that the economic success of Botswana can be explained by the historical development of its institutions which is related to the trajectory of the Tswana states over the past 200 years. These institutions created a much more stable and accountable government than elsewhere in Africa after independence with the desire and incentive to adopt good economic policies. There are two main less...

This study examines institutions and economic growth: evidence from ECOWAS for 2000-2018. We use eight alternative variables to evaluate gross domestic product, fixed capital formation, population growth, foreign direct investment, control of corruption, government effectiveness, political stability & absence violence/terrorism, rule law. Then, we adopted the combined OLS model, effects ran...

Growth, History, or Institutions? What Explains State Fragility in Sub-Saharan Africa We explore the determinants of state fragility in sub-Saharan Africa. Controlling for a wide range of economic, demographic, geographic and istitutional regressors, we find that institutions, and in particular the civil liberties index and the number of revolutions, are the main determinants of fragility, even...

The aims of this study are (1) to analysed external factors consisting aspects government policies, the role related institutions, social, cultural, and economic performance Micro, Small Medium Enterprises (MSMEs); (2) internal Human Resources (HR), financial aspects, technical operational as well market marketing in (MSMEs). data collection method uses a questionnaire, research sample is 250 M...

A country’s political and economic institutions are critical for economic prosperity. The literature abounds with institutional measures, precisely because institutions are multidimensional. We use panel unit root and cointegration tests to examine the time-series properties of several institutional measures to answer two questions. First, do institutional changes tend to be permanent? Second, ...