AUTHOR’S NOTE: I am indebted to Alison Greene and Hong Liyi for intrepid and discriminating research assistance. My warmest thanks to them and to “Dr. Zhao,” Hospital Director Li Mingzhong, Dr. Niu Wenquan, and Foreign Affairs Director Shi Changxiang, all of whom were of invaluable assistance during the field research on which this article is based. Gratitude also to Margie Hattori, Jim Hevia, ...

The results of a field study carried out in August and September 1988, in the northern Peruvian Andes are described. The area of investigation extends from Ayabaca City (about 2900m above sea level) to Haughtiness Lagunas (about 3800m above sea level) in the Ayabaca District, Department of Piura. This is the first time that this location has been the subject of an ethnobotanical investigation. ...

Abstract In this paper, I show that the idea of logical determinism can be traced back from Old Babylonian period at least. According to idea, there are some signs (omens) which explain appearance all events. These omens demonstrate will gods and their power realized through natural forces. As a result, each event either necessarily appears or disappears. This examined as first version eternali...

Human beings are religious by nature. In the discussion on African traditional spirituality, it provides proofs how Africans were and notoriously even before advent of Christianity. This article an overview influence spirituality Christian Practices in Africa. It is noted this that a diverse complex set beliefs practices reflect cultural spiritual people encompasses wide range practices, includ...

The aim of this paper is to investigate the ascription of probabilities in a causal model of an episode in the history of science. The aim of such a quantitative approach is to allow the implementation of the causal model in a computer, to run simulations. As an example, we look at the beginning of the science of magnetism, “explaining” — in a probabilistic way, in terms of a single causal mode...