: Biological drug testing is a tool that provides information about an individual's recent substance use. Like any tool, its value depends on using it correctly; that is, on selecting the right test for the right person at the right time. This document is intended to clarify appropriate clinical use of drug testing in addiction medicine and aid providers in their decisions about drug testing fo...

Drug addiction is defined as a compulsion to take a drug with loss of control in limiting intake (33). It is considered a chronic disorder because the risk of relapse remains high even after completion of treatment and prolonged abstinence. In 1968, the term drug dependence replaced that of addiction in the nomenclature of theWorld Health Organization and the American Psychiatric Association. D...

The past two decades have witnessed a dramatic accumulation of evidence indicating that the excitatory amino acid glutamate plays an important role in drug addiction and alcoholism. The purpose of this review is to summarize findings on glutamatergic substrates of addiction, surveying data from both human and animal studies. The effects of various drugs of abuse on glutamatergic neurotransmissi...

In recent years, an increasing trend of drug use has been recorded in the world. According to many societies, and addiction are defined as important biopsychosocial problem that socio-economic cost cannot be underestimated. terms its costs, assessment revealing relationship with crime crucial especially formulation health, drug, economy social policies. Crime is considered within scope addictio...

Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of addiction requires an integration of basic neuroscience with social psychology, experimental psychology, and psychiatry. Addiction is presented as a cycle of spiralling dysregulation of brain reward systems that progressively increases, resulting in compulsive drug use and a loss of control over drug-taking. Sensitization and counteradaptation are...

one of the main problems of the drug abusers is drug related attention bias, which causes craving, and as a result drive the drug abusers to take narcotics. methadone is used as a maintenance treatment for drug abusers. the purpose of this study is evaluation of the effect of methadone maintenance therapy (mmt) on selective attention and drug related attention bias. this study investigated drug...

Cocaine and methamphetamine addiction is a significant public health concern. The abuse and dependence of these drugs have a damaging impact on the life of the drug user, as well as on the user’s family and community. The development of pharmacotherapies against stimulant addiction is critical, as there are no consistentlysuccessful medications for its treatment[1]. Anti-addiction drug therapie...

Sustained exposure to various psychological stressors can exacerbate neuropsychiatric disorders, including drug addiction. Addiction is a chronic brain disease in which individuals cannot control their need for drugs, despite negative health and social consequences. The brains of addicted individuals are altered and respond very differently to stress than those of individuals who are not addict...

occur with the transition from occasional drug use to pathological abuse and addiction are only partially un-La Jolla, California 92037 derstood as yet. To reach a more complete understanding , these events will have to be integrated with the animal models of the different elements of the addiction Human addictions are chronically relapsing disorders process, including models of the transition ...

injecting drug users (Author postprint) in Addiction, 93(11), 1649-1656 [Accessed: (date) from www.drugsandalcohol.ie] 1 Note: This is a pre-copy-editing, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Addiction following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version [Smyth BP, Keenan E and O’Connor JJ (1998) Bloodborne viral infection in Irish injecting drug users,...