Drug resistance in bacterial infections and cancers constitutes a major threat to human health. Treatments often include several interacting drugs, but even potent therapies can become ineffective in resistant mutants. Here, we simplify the picture of drug resistance by identifying scaling laws that unify the multidrug responses of drug-sensitive and -resistant cells. On the basis of these scal...

Ocular drug delivery has been a major challenge for scientists due to its unique anatomy and physiology which contains various types of barriers such as different layers of cornea, sclera and retina including blood aqueous and blood–retinal barriers, choroidal and conjunctival blood flow etc. These barriers cause a significant challenge for delivery of a drug alone or in a dosage form, especial...

Using ion-exchange resins, a multiple-unit type of oral floating dosage system has been prepared to prolong gastric emptying time of dosage form. The system is composed of beads of drug-resin complex, which are loaded with bicarbonate ions and coated with a hydrophobic polymer. The system is so designed that when the beads reach the stomach, chloride ions are exchanged with bicarbonate and drug...

Two groups, each of 1 00 patients suffering from tuberculoid leprosy, were treated with different dosages of dapsone, the control group being given a conservative dosage of the drug and the study group a high dosage ( 1 200 mg weekly) . The patients in the high-dosage group showed more rapid regression of the disease , a lower incidence of relapse and early regression of the tingling, enlargeme...

Tumor cells from animals and humans were treated with drugs under tissue culture conditions. Tumor cells from the sensitive L1210 model were studied first. A dose-response curve was derived between drug exposure and subsequent cytotoxicity in L1210. The concentration of drug and duration of exposure were factors critical to the subsequent development of in vitro cytotoxicity. The in vitro dosag...

To develop a multi-unit gastroretentive sustained release dosage form of a water-soluble drug, Verapamil hydrochloride, from a completely aqueous environment. avoiding the use of any organic solvent, thus releasing the drug for a prolonged duration of time. Emulsion gelation technique was used to prepare emulsion gel beads using sodium alginate as the polymer. The gel beads containing oil was p...

BACKGROUND Although direct nose-to-brain drug delivery has multiple advantages, its application is limited by the extremely low delivery efficiency (<1%) to the olfactory region where drugs can enter the brain. It is crucial to developing new methods that can deliver drug particles more effectively to the olfactory region. MATERIALS AND METHODS We introduced a delivery method that used magnet...

Dosage form is a mean used for the delivery of drug to a living body. In order to get the desired effect the drug should be delivered to its site of action at such rate and concentration to achieve the maximum therapeutic effect and minimum adverse effect. Since oral route is still widely accepted route but having a common drawback of difficulty in swallowing of tablets and capsules. Therefore ...

Modified Release (MR) Formulations have a modification in the release mechanism. Modified release dosage forms are developed by altering drug absorption or the site of drug release in order to achieve predetermined clinical objectives. Modified drug release from dosage forms is complemented by the allied processes of drug design, of dosage administration, and of membrane transport and absorptio...

The paper is devoted to various aspects of the organization drug pharmacokinetics research both at preclinical and clinical levels (bioequivalence study, therapeutic monitoring, optimization dosage regimens), as well arrangement work equipment (instrumentation, chemicals, premises, personnels) pharmacokinetic laboratory.