Immunosuppressants require therapeutic drug monitoring because of their narrow therapeutic index and significant inter-individual variability in blood concentrations. This variability can be because of factors like drug-nutrient interactions, drug-disease interactions, renal-insufficiency, inflammation and infection, gender, age, polymorphism and liver mass. Drug monitoring is widely practiced ...

When two or more drugs are prescribed simultaneously, it may produce drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Current solution to this problem is to download DDIs information from Department of Health and uploaded it to the hospital information system database for on-line usage. This approach will suffer from duplicating investment for large hospitals and lacking such information technology resources for...

Although the development of drugs of greater potency and efficacy confers on the physician increasing power to treat serious diseases, it also increases the number and seriousness of potential adverse effects and drug interactions which can occur. Most hospital patients receive more than one drug at a time, the average number often being greater than five (Smith, Seidl, and Cluff, 1966). The in...