Biofilms of Candida albicans are less susceptible to many antifungal drugs than are planktonic yeast cells. We investigated the contribution of cell density to biofilm phenotypic resistance. Planktonic yeast cells in RPMI 1640 were susceptible to azole-class drugs, amphotericin B, and caspofungin at 1 x 10(3) cells/ml (standard conditions) using the XTT [2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)...

Polyfluoroarenes are useful building blocks in several areas such as drug discovery, materials, and crop protection. Herein, we report the first polyfluoroarylation of aliphatic carboxylic acids via photoredox decarboxylation. The method proceeds with broad substrate scope high functional group tolerance. Moreover, small complex molecules natural products drugs can be modified by late-stage mod...

intervals of 1, 2 and 4 weeks between the sessions. The persistence of negative results of intradermal testing was confirmed before each desensitization procedure. Loss of skin sensitivity appeared to be a good predictor of tolerance of the drug. Both patients continued receiving cyanocobalamin injections monthly with good tolerance. Drug desensitization is time dependant and re-sensitization r...

Antineoplastic drug resistance represents a specialized case of drug tolerance since cells most responsive to therapy are destroyed. Clinically, drug resistance may be observed at the onset of therapy or is acquired later by a tumor cell population over time due to a combination of spontaneous genetic mutations and selection by cytotoxic chemotherapy. Numerous mechanisms of drug resistance have...

Flavonoid-containing food supplements are widely used as antioxidants, and the continuous use of these with other drugs can lead to clinically significant interactions between drugs. The medications in systemic circulation mainly transported by serum albumin, a major transport protein. This study evaluated rutin (RUT), naringenin (NAR), sinapic acid (SIN) most abundant protein, bovine albumin (...

OBJECTIVE The DSM-IV work group asked researchers and clinicians to subtype substance dependent individuals according to the presence or absence of physiological symptoms. A recent report from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism demonstrated that among alcohol-dependent men and women, a history of tolerance or withdrawal was associated with a more severe clinical course, espec...

The Classification of Psychoactive Drugs Sedative Hypnotics and Antianxiety Agents Focus on Disorders: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Antipsychotic Agents Antidepressants Focus on Disorders: Depression Narcotic Analgesics Stimulants Drugs, Experience, Context, and Genes Tolerance Sensitization Addiction and Dependence Explaining Drug Abuse Behavior on Drugs Why Doesn’t Everyone Abuse Drugs? Can Drugs C...

Methods Clinical files of 30 adult patients diagnosed with AD followed by the same clinical team of the Internal Medicine Service of Vall Hebron hospital were reviewed. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic data prior and after starting BT were collected. Data from BT treated patients included: reason for prescription, drug, dosage, treatment duration, response to treatment, tolera...

Genetic constitution represents an important cause for individual variations in the response and tolerance to drug treatment. Th ese variations are due to the germline mutations in genes that encode for drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, cellular targets and signaling pathways. Th e identifi cation of genetic variations that predict for drug response is an important step towards the trans...

Previous research indicates that individuals with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) evidence low distress tolerance, which signifies impaired ability to persist in goal-directed behavior during an aversive situation, and is associated with a variety of poor interpersonal and drug use outcomes. Based on theory and research indicating that psychopathic traits are associated with hypo-reactiv...