Spatial heterogeneity of species (beta diversity) is an important attribute ecological communities, but less frequently considered when assessing restoration success than other aspects diversity (gamma and alpha). Differences in beta between restored natural sites may arise due to differences environmental heterogeneity. We used a nested sampling design survey plant communities conditions (elev...

How should we understand reasons-based knowledge? According to the counterfactual or modal account of conclusive reasons, famously defended by Dretske, R is conclusive for P just in case [R would not be the case unless P were the case]. I argue that while knowing is plausibly related to having conclusive reasons to believe, having such reasons cannot be understood in terms of the obtaining of t...

Numerical simulations of the shallow water equations are used to study the e ect of topographic barriers on the tidal range in estuaries. The results show that the nonlinear advection terms in the momentum equations play very little role, and that the interaction between the tide and the topographic barriers is mostly due to the bottom friction, which is represented by the usual quadratic Chezy...