The hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) adult plant resistance gene, Lr34/Yr18/Sr57/Pm38/Ltn1, provides broad-spectrum resistance to wheat leaf rust (Lr34), stripe rust (Yr18), stem rust (Sr57) and powdery mildew (Pm38) pathogens, and has remained effective in wheat crops for many decades. The partial resistance provided by this gene is only apparent in adult plants and not effective in field-g...

Plant breeding for disease resistance is crucial to sustain global crop production. For decades, plant breeders and researchers have extensively used host plant resistance genes (R-genes) to develop disease resistant cultivars. However, the general instability of R-genes in crop cultivars when challenged with diverse pathogen populations emphasizes the need for more stable means of resistance. ...

This paper develops the CCAPM model to allow for long-run risk in durable consumption. Allowing Epstein-Zin preferences to incorporate non-separability of durable and non-durable consumption in utility provides for an Euler equation which can be shown to provide a much better explanation of equity market features than either the basic CAPM or CCAPM. .The paper incorporates this discount factor ...

This paper studies the financing of durable assets in a model with collateral constraints due to limited enforcement. Durability affects the ease of financing: we show that more durable assets require larger down payments of internal funds per unit of capital making them harder to finance, because durability raises the price of an asset and hence the overall financing need more than its collate...

Infestation of potatoes with phythophthora infestans ,also known as ‘’potato late blight ‘’ is the most devastating potato disease world wide. Its occurrence often results in huge economic losses for producers. Current control measures involving extensive use fungicides come environmental costs. Efforts have been made to develop commercial varieties increased resistance p.infesting (the causal ...

Critics have been converging around the logic of colonialism to describe Internet economy. If we are serious about laden language colonial, should be ready learn from struggles against pre-digital empires and colonial regimes. Although acts insurrection may attract more attention, one thing leaders theorists anticolonial resistance stressed persistently is centrality self-governance in everyday...

Stem rust along with foliar diseases is a harmful pathogen causing strong yield reduction worldwide. Resistant cultivars provide efficient way for wheat growers to avoid yield losses. In our study, 200 wheat cultivars registered in Hungary in the past twenty five years, were investigated using molecular markers. A significant part of the cultivars carried the 1BL.1RS translocation, the source o...

Nonhost interactions are prevalent between plants and specialized phytopathogens. Although it has great potential for providing crop plants with durable resistance, nonhost resistance is poorly understood. Here, we show that nonhost resistance is controlled, at least in part, by general resistance. Arabidopsis plants are resistant to the nonhost pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola NPS...