the fars tribes living during the zand and qajar dynasties served as some politically and socially influential groups of their period. when the revenues of a tribe did not suffice their necessities, they would attack other cities, mainly shiraz, where there were abundant wealth and goods, and they would plunder, pillage and murder everywhere. shiraz was the political center of iran during the z...

an important part of iranian literary and historical background is remained in works had been translated or adopted from other texts written in other languages. they were done by translators, called “mirzas”, who were masters in persian literature. their writing style was completely matched with the style of their period. qajar’s era is considered as a prominent period in both french and englis...

history means research on events that at a certain time have been taken into account, observed and kept in mind by researchers and has built a structure of the story about same events. reality is greater than history and in terms of number exceeds it highly. this leads into identity generating. in this sense, identity is a criterion that historical event can be studied based on it. as we speak ...

This essay addresses the nature of the medieval transformation of Eurasia from the perspective of China during the Song dynasty (960-1279). Out of the many facets of the wholesale metamorphosis of Chinese society that characterized this era, I focus on the development of an increasingly bureaucratic and autocratic state, the emergence of a semi-autonomous local elite, and the impact on both tre...

lamei gorgani was a famous poet who lived in 5th century ah during the reign of great seljuks. since he belongs to the period of cultural transition from the ghaznavids to the seljuks, he can be considered as an important notable poet, and because the volume of court and official poetry in early seljuk period (the period of tughril, alp arsalan and malik shah) was less than the periods before a...

The present article examines middle and lower-class women, their experi- ences complex relationships with various actors in the entertainment sector dur- ing late Ottoman era (19th 20th century). This points out that middle- class Muslim women appear this only as private property owners contrast to non-Muslim foreign middle-class female entrepreneurs business managers. It also draws attention s...