Numerous initiatives have been undertaken to circumvent the problem of antibiotic resistance, including the development of new antibiotics, the use of narrow spectrum antibiotics, and the reduction of inappropriate antibiotic use. We propose an alternative but complimentary approach to reduce antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) by implementing more stringent technologies for treating municipal ...

In economic order quantity models without backordering, both the stock cost of each unit quantity and the order cost of each cycle are characterized as independent fuzzy variables rather than fuzzy numbers as in previous studies. Based on an expected value criterion or a credibility criterion, a fuzzy expected value model and a fuzzy dependent chance programming (DCP) model are constructed. The...

In this paper, we study an economic production quantity (EPQ) problem in which an item is produced by a single machine. We assume that the machine may fail in an exponential random time. The repair time is an exponential random variable. It is possible to satisfy the demand from an outside supplier when the machine is failed. The objective is to determine the production and order quantities in ...

In the real world, vague phenomenon is quite common in the production/inventory models. In order to process the vagueness, a production/inventory model that can be more closely related to the real vagueness and can take account of the vague factors that contribute to production costs, is required. The model must be extended or altered to fit in with the fuzzy situation. Since items with imperfe...

Monetary policy is a blunt instrument with which to smooth aggregate volatility. I demonstrate that there is actually very little correlation between how much real state income responds to monetary policy and to shocks that prompt aggregate smoothing by the Federal Reserve. This mismatch turns out to be strong enough to imply that while monetary policy might have reduced the variance of aggrega...

Ford Whitman Harris first presented the familiar economic order quantity (EOQ) model in a paper published in 1913. Even though Harris's original paper was disseminated widely, it apparently was unnoticed for many years before its rediscovery in 1988. During this period much confusion developed over the origin of the EOQ model. This paper explores the early literature on this model and traces th...

The production of pharmaceuticals, a multi-billion dollar worldwide industry, is expected to see large economic growth in the coming years. However, stagnation in the development of new products has led the industry to search for other methods to achieve these economic goals. The change from batch processing practices to the continuous production seen in commodity chemicals industries is a way ...

Shows equilibrium always exists (Rothschild-Stiglitz-Wilson model) when firms enforce policy exclusivity via strategic (profit-maximizing) communication of client purchases. Strategic communication induces two equilibrium types: partial communication of purchase information or non-communication which exhibits a lemon effect (low-risk purchase no insurance). Nonetheless, Jaynes' configuration (J...

in the fundamental production inventory model, in order to solve the economic production quantity (epq) we always fix both the demand quantity and the production quantity per day. but, in the real situation, both of them probably will have little disturbances every day. therefore, we should fuzzify both of them to solve the economic production quantity (q*) per cycle. using α-cut for defuzzific...

In this paper, fuzzy economic order quantity (EOQ) model for inventory system with partial backorder is proposed. The fuzzy total relevance cost of the model is calculated under function principle. The optimal EOQ is derived using median rule. Fuzzy variables are appropriate when the exact information is unavailable. In the proposed model, the optimal solution for the fuzzy EOQ model is higher ...