Cooperation often fails to spread in proportion to its potential benefits. This phenomenon is captured by prisoner's dilemma games, in which cooperation rates appear to be determined by the distinctive structure of economic incentives (e.g., $3 for mutual cooperation vs. $5 for unilateral defection). Rather than comparing economic values of cooperating versus not ($3 vs. $5), we tested the hypo...

In Japan, greenhouse gas emissions from rice production, especially CH4 emissions in rice paddy fields, are the primary contributors to global warming from agriculture. When prolonged midseason drainage for mitigating CH4 emissions from rice paddy fields is practiced with environmentally friendly rice production based on reduced use of synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers, Japanese ric...

The growth of regional trade blocks has been one of the major developments in international relations in recent years. Regional agreements vary widely but, all have the objective of reducing barriers to trade between member countries that in most cases result in increasingly trade flows and economic growth. This paper attempts to explore the results of trade integration in ECO, EU and OIC block...

ABSTRACT The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) has enhanced global cooperation in a key area of International Economic Law. In particular, WIPO’s international intellectual property (IP) treaties have done much to bridge the territorial nature IP with business needs innovators and brand owners who operate an interconnected economy. They also vividly illustrate benefits multilatera...

Acknowledging and understanding the role that information may play in affecting consumer assessment of eco-marketed products is a key step in improving the effectiveness of eco-labeling initiatives. Consumers who hold preferences for environmentally preferred products may be unable to express their preferences for such goods under current eco-information campaigns. The emerging use of eco-label...

Optimizing the operation of reservoir involving ecological and environmental (eco-environmental) objectives is challenging due to the often competing social-economic objectives. Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II is a popular method for solving multi-objective optimization problems. However, within a complex search space, the NSGA-II population (i.e., a group of candidate solutions) may...