The history of monitoring is traced from ancient times until the invention of transducers and computers. The relevance of progress in resuscitation is emphasized. The more recent evolution of electromedical apparatus is considered from single signal detection, display and alarm to multiple signal processing, trend analysis and diagnosis. The aim of patient monitoring is to give warning of early...

Asia Pacific is experiencing multiple dynamics of urbanisation, economic growth, poverty and environmental deterioration. It is the largest region with more than 60 percent of the world population. About 43 percent of the total population in the region live in urban areas, of which 40 percent live in slums and substandard conditions. In the past 30 years, the urban population in Asia Pacific ha...

To address common structural imbalances and test emerging policy measures of the labor markets in a typical gulf cooperation council country, a prototype “macro-micro” economic model is developed. The model consists of a dynamic computable general equilibrium model that interacts with a labor market submodel and a discrete-event labor allocation computer simulation module. The results of applyi...

Aging causes a slow deterioration of the brain function leading to cognitive decline, memory loss, movement disorders and finally to functional decline and death. With a rapidly increasing aging population, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s become an important economic burden on the society. Unfortunately, there are no effective current therapies. Ther...

The aim of any packaging system for fresh muscle foods is to prevent or delay undesirable changes to the appearance, flavour, odour, and texture. Deterioration in these qualities can result in economic losses due to consumer rejection of the product. Therefore, a preservative packaging should ideally inhibit undesirable enzyme activities, but not interfere with, or inhibit, activities that are ...

The paper combines analytic and numeric tools to investigate a nonlinear optimal control problem relevant to the economics of climate change. The problem describes optimal investments into pollution mitigation and environmental adaptation at a macroeconomic level. The steady-state analysis of this problem focuses on the optimal ratio between adaptation and mitigation. In particular, we analytic...

This paper studies a maintenance policy for a system composed of two components, which are subject to continuous deterioration and consequently stochastic failure. The failure of each component results in the failure of the system. The components are inspected periodically and their deterioration degrees are monitored. The components can be maintained using different maintenance actions (repair...

It is now more than ten years since the introduction of mitral valvotomy. The initial results (Baker, Brock, and Campbell 1950; Baker et al., 1952) and a three-year follow-up of the first 45 Guy's cases (Baker et al., 1955) have been published. We now report a larger group of 200 patients followed up for over five years, which allows a more complete assessment of the long-term benefits of mitra...

Twenty-two patients underwent cardiac catheterization before and an average of five months after aorto-coronary bypass operation (ACBO). Two groups were examined: 10 patients with all grafts patent, and 12 patients with one or more grafts occluded. All patients improved symptomatically, regardless of graft patency. However, in the occluded group, left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (LVEDP) i...

KEY FINDINGS (1) 11.4 million people faced some degree of deterioration in geographic access to emergency care between 2001 and 2005. (2) Residents in rural communities have poorer access to emergency depart­ments at baseline and experienced a greater decline in emergency depart­ment access than those living in urban communities between 2001 and 2005. (3) Deteriorating access to emergency depar...