ABSTRACT An efficient and economically viable approach for the large-scale conversion of artemisinin into the antimalarial frontline drug artesunate was developed. This advanced synthesis includes an NaBH4-induced reduction, followed by an esterification with succinic anhydride under basic conditions. The entire conversion follows the principles of green chemistry, i.e., application of reusable...

Phosphorus (P) recovery from liquid swine manure is an attractive technology when on-farm application of liquid swine manure is not an option. We developed a technology that enables separation of this P, but its high moisture content makes transportation difficult. In this work, we investigated dewatering procedures to concentrate the P product. Sludge rich in calcium phosphate (> 20% P2O5) was...

A highly active organocatalyst has been shown to affect the asymmetric reductive amination of ketones producing both aromatic and aliphatic amines. At 1 mol% catalyst loading, a series of structurally diverse chiral amines were quickly and economically prepared with good enantioselectivity and generally useful yield. The efficient synthesis of the calcimimetic (+)-NPS R-568 (67%, 89% ee) demons...

The inequality of wealth distribution is a universal phenomenon in civilized nations and it is often imputed to the Matthew effect, that is, the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. Some philosophers unjustified this phenomenon and tried to put the human civilization upon the evenness of wealth. Noticing the facts that 1) the emergence of centralism is the starting point of human civilizati...

Removal of enzyme inhibitors released during lignocellulose pretreatment is essential for economically feasible biofuel production. We tested bio-abatement to mitigate enzyme inhibitor effects observed in corn stover liquors after pretreatment with either dilute acid or liquid hot water at 10% (w/v) solids. Bio-abatement of liquors was followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. To distingui...

A self-assembled nanoparticle containing a photosensitizer and a Trojan-horse moiety (cholesterol), binds an anti-TB pro-drug and increases 1000-fold its activity against mycobacteria. These minimalist constructs will allow development of economically viable, efficient drug preparations for the treatment of drug-resistant TB infections.

Automatic generation control (AGC) regulates mechanical power generation in response to load changes. Its main objective is to maintain system frequency and keep energy balanced within each control area. However, how to make AGC more economically efficient is less studied. In this paper, we propose an approach to modifying the conventional AGC to improve its economic efficiency by reverse and f...

This paper presents the design concept and implementation of a 14-bit current steering DAC macrocell for a SOC in 0.13um CMOS. The design approach minimizes total fabrication cost of the SOC. The paper demonstrates that using this approach smaller and economically efficient DACs will result without a loss to specified design requirements.