Energy efficiency is very important for all mobile/wireless devices due to mobility of these devices. The recent evolution of sensor networks, Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), and Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs) has yielded a demand to improve energy-efferent scheduling algorithms and energy-efferent Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols...

This paper addresses the problem of self-detection by a robot. The paper describes a methodology for autonomous learning of the characteristic delay between motor commands (efferent signals) and observed movements of visual stimuli (afferent signals). The robot estimates its own efferent-afferent delay from self-observation data gathered while performing motor babbling, i.e., random rhythmic mo...

The origin, course, and pattern of experimental subretinal neovascularization (SRN) in monkeys were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of Mercox preparations of the choroidal vascular bed. This technique allowed visualization of the entire circulation of the SRN lesion from both the retinal and scleral aspects. The SEM data is comparable to that of fluorescein angiography, but prov...

Organization of the zebra finch song control system: II. Functional organization of outputs from nucleus robustus archistriatalis. The avian homologues of the mammalian intralaminar, mediodorsal and midline thalamic nuclei: immunohistochemical and hodological evidence. Evidence for a possible avian dorsal thalamic region comparable to the mammalian ventral anterior, ventral lateral, and oral ve...

Baroreceptor-heart rate reflex sensitivity is decreased in congestive heart failure. The reflex control of heart rate and sympathetic nerve activity in rats with chronic volume overload, an established model for moderate heart failure, is still unknown. Therefore, we investigated the regulation of humoral and neuronal sympathetic activity and the baroreflex control of heart rate and sympathetic...

The distinct axonal tracts of the mature nervous system are defined during development by sets of substrate-bound and diffusible molecular signals that promote or restrict axonal elongation. In the adult cerebral cortex, efferent and afferent axons are segregated within the white matter. To define the relationship of growing efferent and afferent axons in the developing murine cortex to chondro...

Concentrations of delta 4 androstenedione, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were measured in the post-nuclear supernatant of the dog epididymis. In addition, they were measured in the efferent ducts and the testis. From the efferent ducts to the corpus there was a significant decrease in testosterone and delta 4 androstenedione concentrations. On the contrary, the concentration of dihydrote...

P atients with low output congestive heart failure have less-than-normal slowing of heart rate during pharmacologic increases of arterial pressure, indicating impairment of the arterial baroreceptor-heart rate reflex.1 The mechanism underlying this abnormality is not fully understood and could involve one or more components of the reflex arc, including an afferent limb (generation and transmiss...

Cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs) are remarkable, mechanically-active receptors that determine the exquisite sensitivity and frequency selectivity characteristic of the mammalian auditory system. While there are three to four times as many OHCs compared with inner hair cells, OHCs lack a significant afferent innervation and, instead, receive a rich efferent innervation from medial olivocochlear ...

The medial efferent system innervates outer hair cells in the organ of Corti. Neurotransmission at this synapse is mediated by acetylcholine (ACh) acting on nicotinic ACh receptors containing the alpha9 subunit. In addition to the sensory cells, the supporting cells of the mammalian cochlea also receive efferent innervation but the neurotransmitter(s) at these synapses are not known. We show sl...