This study aims to compare and determine a relationship between self-concept and self-esteem of female and male athletic and non-athletic students in Sari branch Islamic Azad University. For this reason, 200 students (100 athletic and 100 non-athletic) were selected randomly and tested by Eysenck’s self-esteem questionnaire and Rogers’s self-concept one. Research findings implied that there is ...

statement of problem: hemostatic agents may affect the micro-leakage of different adhesive systems. also, chlorhexidine has shown positive effects on micro-leakage. however, their interaction effect has not been reported yet. objectives: to evaluate the effect of contamination with a hemostatic agent on micro- leakage of total- and self-etching adhesive systems and the effect of chlorhexidine a...

it is very likely to be a case control rather than a randomized controlled trial. Considering that results from observational studies are not high-quality evidence and are prone to biases, mainly because of the failure to adjust for potential confounding factors, possibly in this trial the effect of vitamin supplementation on the incidence of preeclampsia may be flawed. Finally, a feasible expl...

background: mucositis is an important adverse effect of cancer treatment. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ice cubes on oral mucositis following head and neck radiotherapy. materials and methods: a randomized controlled trial was conducted on 40 head and neck cancer patients who underwent radiotherapy. the patients were randomly divided into two experimental and control gr...

Although numerous studies have emphasized the role evaluations by others play for people's self-esteem, the perspective of others and the social diversity of real-life contexts have largely been ignored. In a large-scale longitudinal study, we examined the link between adolescents' self-esteem and their self- and peer-perceived popularity in socially diverse classrooms. First, we tested the com...

In an experimental study, a set of 12 number series problems with open-answer format had to be solved by a sample of 120 eighth and ninth graders randomly assigned to one of two test conditions (standard condition: no feedback; feedback condition: correct/incorrect item-by-item feedback). Task-related self-confidence and worry was measured before and after the performance test. Overall, results...

This paper introduces the notion of ‘psychology-compatible’ to refer to elicitation mechanisms that do not interfere with the psychological processes behind the phenomenon being studied. Its importance is demonstrated with one of the most commonly used mechanisms in experimental economics, the multiple-price-list, where subjects answer yes/no to their willingness to pay each of a set of prices....