This article reviews intraoperative transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring safety based on comparison with other clinical and experimental brain stimulation methods and clinical experience in more than 15000 cases. Comparative analysis indicates that brain damage and kindling are highly unlikely. There have been remarkably few adverse events. Pulse tra...

The electrical potential profile of the isolated toad skin was recorded, in vitro, by impalement with micropipette-electrodes, when both sides of the skin were bathed with sulfate-Ringer. The outer side of the skin was some 110 mv negative with respect to the inner side. Upon impalement from the outer side, two main positive steps of 40 to 70 mv each were found to form the skin potential. The s...

Using the Burr-Lane-Nims2 microvoltmeter, Burr and Hovland' have shown that there is a gradual increase in the electrical potential of chick embryos during incubation. With an instrument which differs slightly from that of Burr, and by placing the electrodes farther from the growing embryo, Romanoff and Cottrell4 obtained comparable results. In 1932 Burr formulated the theory that "the pattern ...

The electrical potential profile of the isolated toad bladder was examined in the spontaneously active, chronically short-circuited, and intermittently short-circuited states by means of glass micropipettes. The position of the micropipette tip within the bladder was evaluated by measuring the D.C. resistance between the micropipette tip and the reference electrode on the serosal side of the bl...

The electrical potential across the human colon was measured by a technique which accurately reflects the true mucosa-to-serosa potential difference. Large negative mucosal potentials were recorded from all regions. The potential difference of the sigmoid colon was significantly greater than that of the rectum. The technique may have important applications to the further study of normal or abno...

With the use of glass microelectrodes the electrical potential profile was determined in the isolated cornea of the frog, Rana catesbiana. The results indicate that the stroma of the cornea is ahvays negative (up to -32 mo.) with respect to both endothelial and epithelial bathing solutions. A model was developed that excluded the epithelium as the location of a previously described chloride pum...

Nanopores could potentially be used to perform single-molecule DNA sequencing at low cost and with high throughput. Although single base resolution and differentiation have been demonstrated with nanopores using ionic current measurements, direct sequencing has not been achieved because of the difficulties in recording very small (∼pA) ionic currents at a bandwidth consistent with fast transloc...

Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by recurrent episodes of pharyngeal collapse, which result from a decrease in pharyngeal dilator muscle tone. The genioglossus is a major pharyngeal dilator that maintains airway patency during sleep. Early studies in animal and humans have demonstrated that electrical stimulation of this muscle reduces pharyngeal collapsibility, increases airflow, and m...

UNLABELLED To examine changes in monophasic action potential duration (APD) with a pacing protocol similar to that used during electrophysiological testing, action potentials were recorded in vivo from the left ventricular apical endocardium of 12 normal mongrel dogs. The atrioventricular node was ablated and the dogs paced from the anterior right ventricle at a baseline cycle length of 1000 ms...