Products traditionally regarded as mechanical or electronic products, are more and more dependent on software and firmware. Software is used to implement functions that earlier have been done in mechanics or electronics, thus software is becoming an integral part of products. Examples of such multi-technology products can be found in many industries such as consumer products, telecommunications...

Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Abstract Hierarchy is a generic structure in which levels are asymmetrically ordered. In an industry setting, classic supply chains display strict hierarchy, w...

1Institute of Control Technology, Wuxi Institute of Technology, Wuxi 214122, PR China. 2Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China. 3Institute of Control and Computation Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, ul. Podgorna 50, 65-246 Zielona Gora, Poland. 4Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Univ...

Printed electronics is becoming increasingly important in a variety of newly emerging areas. However, restricted to the rather limited conductive inks and available printing strategies, the current electronics manufacture is usually confined to industry level. Here, we show a highly cost-effective and entirely automatic printing way towards personal electronics making, through introducing a tap...

Surface-mount technology is now widely used in the production of many components. The development miniaturised electronics industry forces increasingly accurate inspection methods. X-ray and computed tomography are methods to accurately assess quality a circuit board. article discusses basics image formation tested electronics, design devices examples x-ray, applications.