Developmental biologists have made surprising discoveries on the evolutionary origins of cell types, organs and body plans. Now, an elegant study in Drosophila raises interesting questions about the origin of two major endocrine organs of insects.

A multiple-parameter convolution integral is used to define and generate waveforms that quantitatively and qualitatively resemble the experimentally observed behavior of episodic endocrine signals. Our formulation of the convolution integral in terms of multiple distinct parameters with statistically bounded values allows investigators to quantitatively model variations in the duration, amplitu...

Oxytocin is a cyclic nonapeptide whose best known effects are stimulation of uterine smooth muscle cells during labor and of milk ejection during lactation. Circulating oxytocin originates from the hypothalamus, but its production has also been documented in peripheral tissues. Furthermore, seminal plasma also contains oxytocin, but its functional role is still unknown, although its secretion i...

Hormones are hormones secreted by the thyroid gland and their primary function is to regulate speed of metabolism in many tissues. The releases its into bloodstream response a regulating hormone released pituitary called thyroid-stimulating hormone. It only organ body that has ability synthesize iodine large quantities for use synthesis hormones. consists two lobes, joined together isthmus, loc...

Background Thyroid and parathyroid are two endocrine glands implicated in regulation of growth and metabolism as well as calcium homeostasis. Thyroid hypertrophy, hyperplasia and neoplasia are spontaneous findings often observed in rats in non-clinical safety studies. Such findings, however, can also be induced by investigational compounds. In order to understand the time of onset, progression ...

O ncocytic neoplasms are characterized by a marked mitochondrial hyperplasia. They are of epithelial derivation and usually occur in endocrine and exocrine organs such as the thyroid, parathyroids, kidney, pituitary, and salivary glands. Oncocytic lesions of the ophthalmic regions have been reported, especially as oncocytic adenomas of the caruncle. Similar lesions occur rarely in the adnexal l...

The aim of the study was to determine by immunochemistry the expression of leptin, orexin A and orphanin FQ in the major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular and sublingual) of rat, sheep and cow. These peptides, originally synthesized in central nervous system, adipose tissue and peripheral tissues including gastrointestinal tract, play an orexigenic (orphanin and orexin) or anorexigenic (l...